International Business Case Study Essay Example for Free

International Business Case Study EssayThe first question how has the globalization of foodstuff benefited IKEA? The globalization of market refers to the merging of historically distinct and separate national markets into one huge global marketplace. Falling barriers to cross-border trade have more easier to sell internationally, so it is easier for IKEA to grow into a global cult brand with 230 stores in 33countries and have 5 suppliers of the frames in Europe, plus 3 in the United States and 2 in China. Because a fewer barriers to cross-border trade. IKEA can easily to open a store in other countries.the second question how has the globalization of production benefited IKEA? The globalization of production refers to sourcing of goods and services from locations around the globe to take advantage of national differences in the damage and quality of factors of productions, IKEA did a good job, in order to invalidate the cost of cotton slipcovers, IKEA has concentrated prod uction in four core suppliers in China. The resulting efficiencies from these global sourcing decisions enabled IKEA to reduce the price of the Klippen by some 40 cede between 1995 and2005, because in China we have cheaper labour and lower price of source, it will reduce the cost of production in IKEA, thereby allow IKEA to compete more effectively.What does the IKEA story teach you about the limits of treating the entire world as single integrated global marketplace? In my opinion, every country is unequalled and has different cultures. If the strategies to provide low price of product offer a company must identify what and which factor that can bring the lowest cost in term of labour, transportation, materials and so on. IKEA first discovered in the early1990s. The company found that its European-style offerings. However, it didnt always resonatewith American consumers. Because of this reason, IKEA has redesigned its US offerings appeal to American consumers, which has resulted in stronger sales. It is obvious that tastes and preference play an important role in the globalization market. Also, since not everyone had a car, IKEA ensured that their stores were located near public transport.

Management Fayol Organization

Management Fayol OrganizationPRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENTHenri Fayol was born in 1841 in Istanbul. He was one of Europes tip thinkers on forethought theories and was one of the most influential contributors to advance(a) concepts of solicitude. Fayol was a key figure in the turn-of-the-century Classical School of management theory. He suggested that management is a universal human activity that applies to family as intumesce as to the organization. His Frenchmen has been described as the father of modern featal management theory. His ideas take a crap go the very foundation of modern management concepts.Henri Fayol was a French engineer and director of mines, was little known outside France until the late 40s when Constance Storrs published her translation of Fayols 1916 g everywherening body Industrielle et Generale .Fayols c ber began as a mining engineer. He then moved into research geology and in 1888 joined, Comambault as Director. Comambault was in difficulty but Fayol turned the operation round. On retirement he published his draw a comprehensive theory of administration described and classified administrative management roles and functiones then became prize and referenced by others in the growing discourse about management. He is frequently seen as a key, early contributor to a classical or administrative management school of thought (even though he himself would never have recognised such a school).Henri Fayol theorising about administration was built on personal observation and experience of what worked well in terms of organisation. His aspiration for an administrative science sought a consistent set of beliefs that all organizations moldiness apply in order to run properly.F. W. Taylor published The Principles of Scientific Management in the USA in 1911, and Fayol in 1916 examined the nature of management and administration on the basis of his French mining organisation experiences..With two exceptions, Henri Fayols theories of admini stration are going directly into the bureaucratic superstructure described by Weber. Henri Fayol focuses on the personal duties of management at a much more granular level than Weber did. While Weber laid out principles for an ideal bureaucratic organization Fayols work is more directed at the management layerFayol was the famous theorist who proposed that in that respect are five primary functions of manager. He believed that management had five principle roles which he saw as (1) Planning To hope and programme the future by drawing up plans of actions and how they will be implemented by identifying the strategies (2) Organizing To nominate up the structure, material and who give the delegated authority to carry out the specific tasks (3) Commanding Maintaining activity among the personnel and giving orders in the specific period of epoch telling the employees what exactly to do and how.(4) Co-ordinating Binding together the whole of the team so that they can harmonize their a ctivities and efforts to one unified goal or achievement.(5) irresponsible To see that everything occurs in conformity with policy and practise. Controlling is described in the guts that a manager must receive feedback on a process that is being carried out in an organization so that he can make the relevant ad exceptments if prerequisite.Most of these activities are very task oriented, rather than mint oriented, very similar to Taylor and Scientific Management. While both have a task focus, their approaches are quite different. Fayol was particularly interested in authority and its implementation while Taylor concentrated on work organisation (e.g. efficiency). In many ways their views illustrating some of the ends between the USA and Europe. The views and attitudes towards organisations and management are non everlastingly led by American theorists. He advocated a consistent set of principles that all organisations ask to run properly. Although many of todays management t ext including Daft (2005) have reduced the five functions to four, co-ordinating was congregated into the rest of the main functions. However all modern day management texts are based and organized around Fayols four functions.Henri Fayol to a fault fused the 14 principles for organizational design and effective administration. The 14 principles of management were discussed in detail in his book published in 1917 Administration industrielle et gnrale. He compared the conclusions made by Peter, Kanter and Handy. Fayol developed fourteen principles of administration to go along with managements five primary roles. He laid down the interest principles of organization which he later called the principles of managementSpecialization of labour A principle of work allocation and specialisation in order to concentrate activities to enable specialisation of skills and understandings, more work focus and efficiency. Specializing encourages continuous improvement in skills and the development of improvements in methods. government agency The right to give orders and the power to exact obedience. If responsibilities are allocated, then the post holder needs the requisite authority to carry these out including the right to require others in the area of responsibility to undertake duties. Authority stems from that ascribed from the delegation process (the job holder is assigned to act as the agent of the high authority to whom they report hierarchy) totallyocation and permission to use the necessary resources needed (budgets, assets, and staff) to carry out the responsibilities. selection the person has the expertise to carry out the responsibilities and the personal qualities to win the support and confidence of others. Discipline No slacking, twist of rules. The generalisation about discipline is that discipline is essential for the smooth running of a business and without it standards, consistency of action, adherence to rules and values no enterprise could prospe r. in an essence obedience, application, energy, behavior and outward marks of respect observed in accordance with standing agreements between firms and its employees 1916 Unity of moderate A concept that suggests there should be only one supervisor for each person in an organization. Each employee has one and only one head. The idea is that an employee should receive instructions from just a single superior . This generalisation still holds even where we are involved with team and matrix structures which involve reporting to more than one boss or being accountable to several clients. The basic concern is that tensions and dilemmas arise where we report to two or more bosses. One boss may demand X, the other Y and the subordinate is caught between the devil and the deep blue sea. Unity of direction A single mind generates a single plan and all play their part in that plan. The conformity of command idea of having one head (chief executive, cabinet consensus) with agree purpo ses and objectives and one plan for a throng of activities) is clear. Subordination of individual interest to the general interest When at work, only work things should be pursued or thought about. Fayols line was that one employees interests or those of one group should not prevail over the organisation as a whole. This would spark a lively debate about who decides that the interests of the organisation as a whole are. Ethical dilemmas and matters of corporate risk and the behaviour of individual chancers are involved here. Fayols work assumes a shared set of values by people in the organisation a unitarism where the reasons for organisational activities and decisions are in some way neutral and reasonable. 7. Remuneration of staff Employees receive fair payment for services, not what the company can get away with.The price of services rendered. 1916 The general principle is that levels of compensation should be fair and as far as realizable afford satisfaction both to the sta ff and the firm (in terms of its cost structures and desire for profitability/surplus).8. centralisation Consolidation of management functions. Decisions are made from the top. Centralisation for HF is essential to the organisation and a natural consequence of organising. This issue does not go away even where flatter, devolved organisations occur. Decentralisation is frequently centralisaed-decentralisation The modes of control over the actions and results of devolved organisations are still matters requiring considerable attention.9. Scalar chain/line of authority Formal chain of command running from top to bottom of the organization, like military. The scalar chain of command of reporting relationships from top executive to the ordinary shop operative or driver needs to be sensible, clear and understood.10. Order All materials and personnel have a prescribed place, and they must remain there. The level of generalisation becomes difficult with this principle. Basically an organi sation should provide an orderly place for each individual member who needs to see how their role fits into the organisation and be confident, able to predict the organisations behaviour towards them. Thus policies, rules, instructions and actions should be understandable and understood. social club implies steady evolutionary movement rather than wild, anxiety provoking, unpredictable movement.11. Equity Equality of treatment (but not necessarily identical treatment) . Equity, fairness and a sense of justice shouldpervade the organisation in principle and practice.12. Stability of tenure or Personnel Tenure Limited turnover of personnel. Lifetime employment for good workers. clock time is needed for the employee to adapt to his/her work and perform it effectively. Stability of tenure promotes loyalty to the organisation, its purposes and values.13. Initiative Thinking out a plan and do what it takes to make it happen. At all levels of the organisational structure, zeal, enthusi asm and energy are enabled by people having the scope for personal initiative, in respect with Tom Peters.14. Esprit de corps Harmony, cohesion among personnel. Here Fayol emphasises the need for building and maintaining of harmony among the work force, team work and sound interpersonal relationships. Its a great source of strength in the organisation. Fayol stated that for promoting esprit de corps, the principle of unity of command should be observed and the dangers of divide and rule and the abuse of written communication should be avoidedThe final two principles, initiative and esprit de corps, show a difference between Fayols concept of an ideal organization and Webers. Weber predicted a completely impersonal organization with little human level interaction between its members. Fayol distinctly believed personal effort and team dynamics were part of a ideal organizationOut of the 14, the most important elements are specialization, unity of command, scalar chain, and, coordinat ion by managers (an amalgam of authority and unity of direction).Advantages of Fayols theories and contributionsFayol was the first person to actually give a definition of management which is generally familiar today namely forecast and plan, to organise, to command, to co-ordinate and to control.Fayol to a fault gave much of the basic terminology and concepts, which would be elaborated upon by future researchers, such as division of labour, scalar chain, unity of command and centralization.DisadvantagesFayol was describing the structure of formal organizations.Absence of attention to issues such as individual versus general interest, remuneration and equity suggest that Fayol saw the employer as paternalistic and by definition working in the employees interest.Fayol does mention the issues relating to the sensitivity of a patients needs, such as initiative and esprit de corps, he saw them as issues in the context of apt organisational structure and not in terms of adapting structu res and changing peoples behaviour to achieve the best fit between the organisation and its customers.Many of these principles have been absorbed into modern day organisations, but they were not designed to cope with conditions of rapid change and issues of employee participation in the decision making process of organisations, such as are current today in the early 21st century.SuccessesFayols five principle roles of management are still actively practiced today. The author has found Plan, Organize, Command, coordinate and Control written on one than one managers whiteboard during his career. The concept of giving appropriate authority with responsibility is also widely commented on (if not well practiced.) Unfortunately his principles of unity of command and unity of direction are consistently violated in matrix management the structure of choice for many of todays companies. certaintyHenri Fayol was important for two reasons first, because he placed management centre stage second , because he pondered the question of how best a company could be organised. He was also one of the earliest people to write and lecture on management issues, and indeed is sometimes referred to as the first management thinker.It is clear that modern organizations are strongly influenced by the theories of Taylor, Mayo, Weber and Fayol. Their precepts have become such a strong part of modern management that it is difficult to believe that these concepts were original and fresh at some point in history. The modern idea that these concepts are common sense is strong tribute to these founders.ReferencesAccessed on 30 December 2007www.healthknowledge.org.ukAccessed on 30 December 2007www.wikipeida.comAccessed on 01 January 2007www.onepine.comAccessed on 02 January 2007www.analytictech.comAccessed on 02 January 2007www.bola.bizAccessed on 05 January 2007www.learningmatters.comAccessed on 06 January 2007www.12manage.comAccessed on 07 January 2007www.answers.comAccessed on 07 January 2007w ww.intute.ac.ukThe History of Management Thought by Daniel A. Wren work The Ultimate Resource by Daniel P. GolemanProject Management by David L. Cleland Fifty Key Figures in Management (Routledge Key Guides) by Morgen Witzel Daft, R. (2005). Management, (7th ed.). Mason, OH Thomson South-Western.Fayol, H. (1949). General and industrial management. London. collier Publishing company.Fayol Fayol, H. (1987). General and industrial management Henri Fayols classic revised by Irwin Gray. Belmont, CA David S. Lake Publishers.

Pleading For A Biosocial Perspective In Criminology Criminology Essay

Pleading For A Biosocial Perspective In Criminology Criminology EssayCriminology traditionally has a multidisciplinary character. However, sociology was the reigning substitution class that dominated the study of annoyance in the 20th century. condescension of tremendous show up in molecular and behavioural transmittables, biological k instanterledge is not yet implemented in modern criminology. The present re involve in that respectfore takes aim at developing a constructive beguile on illegal style by using an interdisciplinary perspective that encompass both sociological and biological frameworks. First, the current position of biosocial criminology in society depart be discussed. Second, possible reasons why the biological paradigm is held exterior criminology will be examined. Thereafter the various biological theatre of operationss with their added value to criminology will be described, thereby having a closer look on behavioral ancestrals. Finally, the review wi ll leave off that biological insights ar indispensable term unraveling the etiology of barbarous behavior.The offense difficultyCrime is a major problem for society. In the mid 90-ties the annual cost of aversion to each U.S. citizen was more than 4000 dollar (Walsh Ellis, 2004). Crime occurs in different forms by varying from simple steal to very serious offenses like homicide and raping. The heterogeneous nature of criminal behavior makes it difficult to unravel the causes of crime. Historically, the business relationship of crime shifted from a devil based view in medieval times into a more scientific view, which is theory driven and multidisciplinary (Ferguson Beaver, 2009). Despite of the multidisciplinary character of criminology, the last few decades there has been a rigorously environmental approach declaring criminal behavior. Although these environmental approaches offer some explanatory power, a more integrated perspective towards crime is needed for scientific progress (Eliaerts Snacken, 2000). In order to develop a more nuanced and broader approach, there is recently more attention on biological factors in addition to sociological factors while explaining ungodliness. However, this biosocial perspective has only a handful of supporters and tramp count on much criticism from environmental criminologists. In this view, it is remarkable that closely related disciplines much(prenominal) as psychiatry and behavioral genics make up applied the biological paradigm in the explanation of psychopathological behavior for many years now (Moffit, 2005). Research has consistently shown that mortal differences in psychopathological behavior be partly receivable to genetic influences (Boomsma, Busjahn, Peltronen, 2002). Crime is behavior as hale and atomic number 50 then be explained as the product of both genetic and environmental variation. Insights in biology be thus indispensable in the explanation of crime (Donker, 2000). The present review therefore takes aim at introducing the biological paradigm to criminology and will discuss why biological explanations are still underexposed in the explanation of crime. Furthermore there will be discussed what the relatively new field of behavioral genetics can add to current criminology.Biosocial criminologyBiology is pre-eminently the discipline which made tremendous progress in recent decades. Discoveries in the field of genetics have affected the medical community permanently as well as behavioral geneticists who eagerly build upon the insights of contemporary biology (Delisi, Beaver, Wright Vaughn, 2008). A striking example of this is the Human Genome Project in which an international assort of scientists has identify the genetic makeup of human species by determining the sequence of all the nucleotides in human DNA. Completely contrarian to this development, criminological scholars have held the biological paradigm outside their theories for years. Sociological cri minology was the reigning paradigm that dominated the study of crime in the 20th century (Walsh Beaver, 2009).There may be multiple reasons to explain the hard-and-fast use of this limited approach. The exclusively environmental approach towards crime is partly due to the fact that criminologists traditionally are trained in a preponderantly sociological schooling. These scholars often become specialized in one of the classic sociological approaches explaining criminal behavior such as strain theory (deviation as the result of the mismatch between culturally induced aspirations for economic success and structurally distri neverthelessed possibilities of achievement) or routine activity theory ( porees on crime opportunities in everyday life such as lack of a guardian), thereby not taking other explanations in consideration (Walsh Ellis, 2004 Gottfredson Hirschi, 1990).Another reason is the composition of earlyish biological research. Current biological approaches still suffer from the image of the Italian school of Cesare Lombroso in the nineteenth century. Lombroso was an Italian prison doctor who believed that crime was (biologically) caused, not chosen. In his most famous work Criminal Man he postulated that crime was caused by biological defects in inferior atavistic individuals who were throwbacks from an primarily evolutionary stage of human development. Although Lombroso has published a lot about the origins of delinquency, he is recognized and criticized most about his idea of physiognomy the born criminal could be distinguished by physical characteristics such as large jaws and high cheekbones (Gottfredson Hirschi, 1990). It is this reputation, the not very sophisticated methodology used by early founders of biological theory, which still puts biosocial criminology in a bad light (Walsh Beaver, 2009).Another explanation why biology has become common in related disciplines, but not in criminology could lie in the fact that there is a general f ear for genetic determinism among social scientists (Delisi, Beaver, Wright Vaughn, 2008). Biosocial criminology urges a greater philosophical apparent movement whether an individual still has freedom to act if his behavior is biologically caused. Opponents argue that free will, as the foundation of our legal system, would be undermined if crime has genetic origins (Levitt Manson, 2007). It is eliminate that there are legal and ethical issues arising from behavioral genetics and neuroscience and these concerns should be taken into meticulous consideration. In biosocial criminological circles it is widely acknowledged that there are ethical drawbacks to a strict biological approach and the large majority of these authors aim to have a biosocial perspective on crime rather than genetic determinism (Walsh Ellis, 2004). However, sometimes scientific findings are erroneously used by the uninitiated. Recently an Italian court has reduced the sentence of a murderer after identifying g enes united to violent behavior (Nature, 2009). It is this type of events which shapes the fear of genetic research. Logically, behavioral geneticists from all over the world have challenged this ruling. Contemporary knowledge in genetics is sure as shooting not capable of predicting behavior on an individual level, but only in large population statistics (Boomsma et. al, 2006). Therefore allegations which equate behavioral genetics with genetic determinism are based on irrational fear and should be fought against.The paragraph above mentioned that there are multiple causes for the unpopularity of biosocial criminology. The bad reputation is partly due to an unfounded fear of genetic determinism which in itself is linked to methodological shortcomings of early biological criminologists. Nowadays the methodological tools have become one of the strengths of biology which is, as an exact discipline, characterized by empirical research (Walsh Ellis, 2004). Subsequently, the contempor ary zeitgeist seems to be more receptive for further insights and the resistance against biology will gradually diminish (Eliaerts Snacken, 2000). So, if we can overcome the fear for genetics and biological knowledge can be used for criminological purposes, what has this discipline to offer then?There are nigh three biological disciplines relevant to criminology neuroscience, evolutionary biology and genetics. The basics of neuroscience must become part of every criminologists repertoire since the brain is the place where genetic dispositions and environmental experiences are integrated. Scientific data indicates that self-control, as an important concept in criminology, is housed in the frontal and prefrontal cortex and that it involves a complex, dynamic balance of limbic and cortical functioning (Wright et al., 2008 ). Neuroscience can thus provide criminology with a solid foundation for, and a more sophisticated understanding of, many of its of import elements. Evolutionary biology seeks to understand the adaptive function of a mechanism in terms of its survival and reproductive value. Applied to crime the question would be what was (and still is) the evolutionary relevant purpose of a criminal act? These kind of ultimate-level why questions can complement genetics because it informs us how the genes of interest came to be present in the first place (Walsh Beaver, 2009). Last but not least, genetics has become a rapidly growing discipline which can be very valuable for criminology. Given the strongly expanding nature of the field of genetics and the potential value it has for criminology, behavioral genetics, as an important player in this field, will be further explored.Behavioral geneticsBehavioral genetics is the application of quantitative genetics to the study of human traits and behaviors such as IQ, extraversion and delinquency (Boomsma, Busjahn Peltonen, 2002). This approach can also be used to tackle fundamental criminological issues, such a s to what extent can individual differences (variation) in criminal behavior be explained by genetic influences? Nevertheless, as already been mentioned, crime is a very heterogeneous and abstract concept. In order to decompose this variation (in crime) into a genetic and an environmental part, it is necessary to focus on specific crime related syndromes which can be operationalized. Hence, the present review will focus on aggressive behavior and rule-breaking behavior.Aggressive behavior and rule-breaking behavior are considered as behavioral subtypes of criminal behavior (Ferguson Beaver, 2009). Aggressive behavior in children is an terrible public health problem. Longitudinal research showed that childhood physical aggression is a precursor of being violent in adolescence and beyond (Stattin Magnusson, 1989). Furthermore, aggressive children are at higher risk of alcohol and drug abuse, accidents, violent crimes, suicide attempts and long term unemployment (Kokko Pulkkinen, 2 000). Developmental studies have shown that aggressive behavior usually starts at a very young age and remains stable during life (Broidy, Nagin Tremblay, 2003). Likewise, early onset of rule-breaking behavior has proven to be a significant soothsayer for later delinquency. Krohn et al. reviewed nineteen criminal career studies and found that early onset offenders were forty times more likely to become habitual criminals than late onset offenders. With all of that said, these syndromes are highly associated with crime and therefore merit criminological attention. However, what could be the role of behavioral genetics in this?Twin studies and crime someone differences in aggressive and rule-breaking behavior can be regarded as phenotypic variation. A phenotype is an observable characteristic of a certain trait and is the product of the interaction between the genotype and the environment. The phenotypic variation in these syndromes is therefore composed of two sources, the genes and the environment. Behavioral genetics seeks to understand both the genetic and environmental contributions to individual variations in human behavior. In order to determine the relative contribution of the genes and the environment twin studies are used, since they have genetically informative samples. Twin studies are based on the genetic relatedness between fit and their family members. In the classical twin design the correlation between monozygotic (MZ) twin pairs at a certain phenotype is compared with the correlation between dizygotic (DZ) twin pairs. Since MZ and DZ twins pairs are exposed to the same prenatal and postnatal environment, DZ pairs form the perfect control group of which the agreement between MZ-twin pairs can be compared with. The only difference between MZ and DZ twin pairs is that MZ twins part exactly the same genetic information, whereas DZ twins share on average 50% of their genes. Differences in MZ correlations and DZ correlations can therefore be at tributed to genetic influences (Boomsma, Busjahn, Peltronen, 2002).Based on these twin studies heritability estimates can be made (if MZ twins have a higher correlation concerning aggressive and rule-breaking behavior than DZ twins this suggests that individual differences in these syndromes can be explained by genetic factors). Heritability is defined as the extent to which individual differences in genetic makeup contribute to individual differences in observed behavior. Concerning human behavior most of the estimates of heritability are in the retch of .30 to .60. A meta-analysis conducted by Miles Carey (1997) showed that 50% of the variance in aggressive behavior could be explained by genetic effects. Subsequently similar heritability estimates have been reported concerning rule-breaking behavior (Bartels et al. 2004a, Bartels et al. 2004b). Twin studies can thus contribute to criminology, because they provide information on the extent to which individual differences in crim inal behavior are influenced by genetics.To conclude individual differences in aggressive and rule-breaking behavior can be partly explained by genetic factors. The high heritability estimates on these crime related syndromes suggest that there is likewise a strong genetic influence on general criminal behavior. Since aggression and rule-breaking behavior are strongly affiliated with criminal behavior, a study of the genetic etiology of these syndromes can ultimately generate fundamental knowledge for criminology.ConclusionCrime has invariably made its mark on society. For centuries governments have been trying to suppress crime through all kinds of punishment. In this fight it is of utmost importance that intervention strategies are based on reliable scientific knowledge (Donker, 2000). It is therefore desirable that criminology, which is eminently theoretical, will substantiate its rulings with empirical research. Present review has argued for an integrative view on crime whereby aspects of the biological sciences are added to traditionally criminological approaches. Biosocial criminology is not hostile to sociology and merely advocates for a broader, more powerful paradigm that encompass rather than dismiss the social. Any behavior is always the result biological factors interacting with environmental factors .A striking example of this interwoven theory is the gene-interaction effect. Multiple studies showed that child abuse in combination with genetic force can lead to an increasing risk of depression and even suicide later in life.Studying crime from a biological point of view has been taboo for decades but is now getting visible again, as demonstrated by the theme appeared in 2005 biosocial perspectives in criminology in the Dutch journal of Criminology. Despite this development, important scientific conclusions are often overlooked in policy. The Peoples Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD), currentlyupdate the largest political party in the Netherl ands , can serve as an example here. While research constantly shows that more severe punishment is not functional, the VVD is calling for stricter penalties, which illustrates that the criminal law has not only to do with capability questions, but also has to deal with phenomena like retaliation.In sum, present review believes that the biological sciences have a bounty of treasures to offer criminology. Biosocial criminology will serve as the new paradigm capable of guiding the study of crime in the 21st century, which will be an important intellectual enterprise

Development of Winston Smith in 1984

Development of Winston metalworker in 1984The ideological development of Winston Smith in 1984One of the two most famous checks of George Orwell, 1984, depicts a pessimistic vision of the future tense world consisting of three totalitarian states Oceania, Eurasia, and Eastasia, constantly at struggle with each other and keeping masses under careful observation and entire control. Therefore, the average people in 1984 can non develop in any ways, nevertheless physically, because all their thoughts and ideas are under control of the troupe. Emotions are unwanted, except for the devoted enjoy of Big Brother, and the profound hate of Em globeuel Goldstein, and the enemies of the Party. Party members are being watched by means of telescreens all day, so when the first symptoms of unorthodoxy are noniced, they can be cured immediately. In addition, telescreens are constantly providing people with the appropriate ideas.Even the future language of Oceania, Newspeak, prevents people f rom unorthodox thoughts. All he unnecessary words, such as the ones bearing only slight differences, are being removed from the dictionary. The inhabit of the words are being deprived of their secondary and improper meanings. Accordingly, in the near future, party members are non going to be adapted to recall of inadequate ideas.Winston Smith seems to be the only man in London who has human thoughts. There might be other people like him around, and due to the current system, people are prevented from showing their unorthodox thoughts and feelings. Winston Smith is an ordinary party member, except for the fact that he is a thinking creature. He has had thoughts long beforehand he starts to write his diary, and his thoughts have not been appropriate in the eye of the Party. His Therefore, he has been a thoughtcriminal for years, but he was able to overcloud it, by learning what the Party expects from an ideal member, and miming it. The unpremeditated act of constantly thinkin g is his first step to revolution.The next level of revolt is to start penning his diary. Though the act of writing seems to be pointless, even dangerous it is satisfactory. Winston Smith starts to write his diary in an unusual way, he does not think close to what he is writing, he just lets his thoughts embody on the paper. This method is called automatic writing modern psychodynamic theories of personality propose that traits, attitudes, motives, impulses, and memories that are incompatible with the persons conscious knowingness may be dissociated from awareness and rarely expressed overtly in the course of normal waking behaviour. (Encyclopaedia Britannica) Using this method, the person is unaware of what will be written Suddenly he began writing in sheer panic, only imperfectly aware of what he was setting down. His small but childish hired man straggled up and down the page, shedding first its capital letters and finally even its full stops.(Nineteen Eighty-Four, p.11) He d id not know what had made him pour come out this stream of rubbish. (Nineteen Eighty-Four, p.11)After beginning his diary, he soon starts to think about how the regime works. He is in a good position to be able to see into the governance, because Winston works in Minitrue, Ministry of Truth, where he rectifies some earlier articles. He remembers an incident when he found an unquestionable evidence of the assumption that the Party changes bypast events to prove his statements.Winston comes to the conclusion that only the proles are free in his society, and they are the ones who could defeat the authority of the Party. He writes If there is hope it lies in the proles. (Nineteen Eighty-Four, p.60)The only job with the proles is that they do not care about politics, and they do not know what kind of power is in their hands. They are the great majority (85%) of the society, but they go way politically unconsciously. Until they become conscious they will never rebel, and until after they have rebelled they cannot become conscious. (Nineteen Eighty-Four, p.61)Smith realisticizes what the Party does. He knows how they falsify the past and how they manipulate party members and the proles, but he does not know why they do this. The immediate advantages of falsifying the past were obvious, but the ultimate motive was mysterious. He took up his pen again and wrote I understand HOW I do not understand WHY. (Nineteen Eighty-Four, p.68)He also realizes that the real freedom is the freedom of thoughts, and he thinks that it cannot be interpreted away from people Freedom is the freedom to say that two plus two make four. If that is granted, all else follows. (Nineteen Eighty-Four, p.69)Accordingly, at the end of Part I, Winston is a real rebel, he finds out many things about the Party, yet he does not do anything against it. He starts to revolt in his private life, when he starts an affair with Julia. The Party considers sex only the way to produce citizens in the count ry. The Party wants to abolish sexual contact, therefore they encourage young people to undertake artificial insemination. As Daphne Patai points out, the Party prohibits sex except for the purpose of procreation, on the assumption that sexual tension could be redirected as passionate hatred of an enemy and passionate love of an abstract leader. (Patai, 1984) Julia pretends to be an innocent, perfect party member, but she often has sex secretly with other Party members. This is her way of rebelling against the current system. Have you done this before?Of course. Hundreds of times well scores of times anyway.With Party members.Yes, endlessly with Party members. (Nineteen Eighty-Four, p.104)Winston and Julia start to have a secret life together. Winston rents a room from a prole man and they meet there regularly. They make love, consume things from the black market and talk a lot. Winston talks to Julia about politics. Although Julia is not truly raise in it, she listens to him an d agrees, because she loves him.Im not interested in the next generation, dear. Im interested in us.Youre only a rebel from the waist downwards, he told her.She thought this brilliantly humorous and flung her arms round him in delight. (Nineteen Eighty-Four, p.129)Winston is waiting for a sign of the Brotherhood the underground organization, headed by Emmanuel Goldstein, that is secretly trying to overthrow the Party. He wants to do something in effect against the Party. People do not know anything about Brotherhood, but there has always been a rumor of something like the Brotherhood. Winston real believes in the Brotherhood, and he has always wanted to be a part of it.It had happened at last. The expected message had come. All his life, it seemed to him, he had been waiting for this to happen. (Nineteen Eighty-Four, p.131) OBrien, the one who Winston has always believed to be a mutinous person, invites him to his home. What Winston expects is some kind of initiation to the Brot herhood. He wants to belong to an organization that really does something against the Party. He has always believed what the arrested insurgents confessed, and he wants to do similar things to those. OBrien took Winston and Julia in the Brotherhood.Smith receives the book that Goldstein wrote and he starts to read it. He is satisfied because he thinks that his questions will be answered, but at the end he becomes disappointed by the book, because it does not give any answers yet. He had still, he reflected, not learned the ultimate secret. He understood how he did not understand why. Chapter 1, like Chapter 3, had not actually told him anything that he did not know it had merely systematized the knowledge that he possessed already. (Nineteen Eighty-Four, p179)After reading two chapters of the book, the worst thing happens to Winston and Julia. They have been betrayed and than arrested. It turns out that the prole man that let the room for them and even OBrien are the agents of the t houghtpolice. Therefore Winston is not only disappointed by the book, but also by the man that he really respected.Winston is interpreted to Miniluv where OBrien takes him in hand. OBrien teaches Winston in a Platonic method. He asks questions as far as Winston gives the right answer. OBrien , at last, gives the answers to Winstons questions. Now I will evidence you the answer to my question. It is this. The Party seeks power entirely for its own sake. We are not interested in the good of others we are interested solely in power. not wealth or luxury or long life or happiness only power, pure power. What pure power means you will understand presently. We are different from all the oligarchies of the past, in that we know what we are doing. All the others, even those who resembled ourselves, were cowards and hypocrites. (Nineteen Eighty-Four, p.217)At the end, when he understood all that he wanted, he was taken to Room 101, and he had been changed. At the top of his ideological deve lopment, Winston became intellectually murdered. He knew what he wanted to know, but he did not believe himself. The only thing he trusted was the Party, and Big Brother.All in all, Winston goes through a hard and long process of ideological progress. According to Adibur Rahman, Winston Smith wants to come up for Air in order to communicate with his genuine voice of self which is of course, not pessimistic. He no longer identifies himself with the existing callousness of the society. (Adibur, 2002) First, he did not consciously think of rebelling, his subconscious thoughts and his dreams were his way of thinking. Then the next level was to disgorge his feelings and thoughts through his diary. After that he started to retrace his thoughts consciously, then he was not pleased with thinking, he wanted to act. At the beginning, he only rioted in his private life, after that he wanted to transfer it to public life, although he did not clearly understand his ideology. This was the point w hen he got arrested, and his questions were answered by OBrien, who was his traitor, his mentor, his enemy and his friend. He had intellectually been murdered, when he had reached the zenith of his ideological advance.Works consultedhttp//www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/44909/automatic-writing Retrieved on 08. 01. 2010Patai, Daphne. The Orwell Mystique A memorise in Male Ideology. Amherst, 1984Rahman ,Adibur. George Orwell a humanistic approach.New Delhi, 2002

Essay --

Impact of the RadioThe invention of the radio had an immense impact, revolutionizing the unity of society. I live in a strictly rural community, and good deal here speak of The Radio in the large sense, with an over-meaning, said E.B. White in 1933. When they recite The Radio they dont mean a cabinet, an electrical phenomenon, or a man in a studio, they refer to a pervading and somewhat inspired presence which has come into their life and homes (Lewis). The radio became a mighty weapon whose power involved spreading ideas to millions of listeners, who may otherwise never nonplus perceive those inspirational messages. Religious fanatics used to stand at the back of churches shouting radical nonsense, while others would ignore. Now, those fanatics have the opportunity to mass communicate their ideas to a more than larger pool of people, furthering the chance for ideas to spread. The morality behind the messages of these ideas, however, is up for contention. The invention of the ra dio exposed the dual nature of the ability to mass communicate to millions of people instantaneously. President Franklin D. Roosevelt held a series of thirty evening radio addresses between 1933 and 1944 dubbed fireside chats. These fireside chats were the first media development that allowed for direct communication between the electric chair and the citizens of the United States. Roosevelt spoke with a smooth demeanor in these chats, and millions of people found comfort and renewed confidence in these speeches, (The Fireside Chats) skyrocketing his popularity. On air, he was able to quell rumors and explain his reasons for social change slowly and comprehensibly, (Yu, 2005). Especially useful for Roosevelt, the radio helped him to hide his polio symptoms help... ...ughlin and Hitler managed to use it to spread hatred. The four have in common that each was listened to and supported by millions of listeners. In 1933, the Reich Minister of Propaganda in Nazi Germany, Josef Goebbels , said, The radio will be to the twentieth century what the defend was to the nineteenth. The radio not only sped up communication, but also the words took on more personality as they were spoken with declamatory, fully animated voices. Issues with namelessness arose, as listeners over the radio can never truly be aware who speaks to them. At the very least, the invention of the radio exposed the influence of having emotion portrayed through voice as opposed to words read by the literate populace. So now, not only could the illiterate and literate be equally influenced, the persuasion could appeal more directly to the emotions instead of the intellect.

Leo Tolstoy :: Essays Papers

social lion Tolstoy Leo Tolstoy was a Russian author, one of the greatest authors of all time. Leo Tolstoy was born at Yasnya Polyana, in Tula Province, the fourth of five children. His parents died when he was young, and he was brought up by relatives. In 1844 Tolstoy started to study law and oriental languages at Kazan University, save he never earned a degree. Dissatisfied with the standard of education, he returned in the middle of his studies back to Yasnaya Polyana, and then spent much of his time in Moscow and St. Petersburg. After contracting heavy gambling debts, Tolstoy accompanied his older brother to the Caucasus in 1851, and joined an artillery regiment. In the 1850s Tolstoy also began his literary career, issue the autobiographical trilogy Childhood, Boyhood, and Youth. During the Crimean War, Tolstoy commanded a battery, and was at the siege of Sebastopol . In 1857 he visited France, Switzerland, and Germany to learn more about society and how to impro ve it. After traveling for a time, Tolstoy colonised in Yasnaja Polyana, where he started a school for poor children. He saw that the secret of changing the world was in education. He investigated during his travels to Europe educational hypothesis and practice, and published magazines and textbooks on the subject. In 1862 he married Sonya Andreyevna Behrs, and they had 13 children. Sonya also acted as Tolstoys secretary. Tolstoys fiction originally came out of his diaries, in which he well-tried to understand his own feelings and actions so as to control them. He read avidly, both in literature and philosophy. In the Caucasus he read Plato and Rousseau, Dickens and Sterne finished the 1850s he also read and admired Goethe, Stendhal, Thackeray, and George Eliot. Tolstoy was convinced that philosophical principles can only be understood in their concrete expression in history. Tolstoys study work, War and Peace, appeared between the years 1865 and 1869. The epic tale d epicted the story of five families against the background of Napoleons invasion of Russia. Its vast canvas includes 580 characters, many historical, others fictional. The story moves from family liveness to the headquarters of Napoleon, from the court of Alexander to the battlefields of Austerlitz and Borodino. War and Peace reflected Tolstoys view that destiny controls everything, but we cannot live unless we imagine that we have free will.

My Personal Philosophy of Education :: Philosophy of Teaching Statement

Philosophy Teachers have been a part of my life for as further back as I can remember. variant individuals have shown me so much in a variety of capacities some worked in a classroom, some coached me outside of it, and some individuals have simply been a model for how to live a rich life. I consider them all teachers. My decision to become a teacher is founded in the idea that it is one of the some direct ways to influence young people. I believe that students do look upon teachers as role models, sometimes even as they pledge disfavour for teachers to their classmates. I have already been working with youth of various ages for several years in the capacity as a tennis coach. I well enjoy participating in the development of each students quest to improve. One of the shining moments of the job is when a student has successfully come through a skill that has been difficult for them. Instantly they understand that effort and intellect have combined to bring them success, a model they can follow far beyond the court. That experience is something that I intend to bring to a classroom and a school system in general, combining the personal growth of a student with the ability to improve ones grasp of subject matter. For a student to achieve genuine personal growth is not ever a simple process, nor is it for any individual, including myself. It is one that I expect will be more difficult when I am not dealing with a student alone or in a small group but with a class of twenty or more students. It is of the essence(predicate) to both(prenominal) challenge the actively involved student and to draw in the shy or disinterested one. Especially as an English teacher, I feel that it is important to make myself relatable to students early in the year. That being said, it is also important to establish a certain bar of expectation right away. This is a delicate symmetricalness as students who look at a teacher (particularly a young o ne) too personally be likely to attempt to take advantage of the bond. Meanwhile, students are given very little incentive to work hard when the teacher comes across as uncaring or highly authoritarian.