The Criminal Justice System And Mental Health Crisis Criminology Essay

The Criminal Justice System And kind Health Crisis Criminology act kind wellness c argon in the United sepa steps today is at a crisis point. Nowhere is this crisis to a greater extent evident than looking into the bend arbiter system. Beginning in the 1970s, the Community Mental Health Act de administrationalized alone inmates of the asylum that were non a clear and pre direct danger to themselves and order (Allen et. al, 2013, p. 390). Since then, the closing of 90% of say and association amiable health facilities has had an frightful effect on a nonher institution the correctional facilities. The stemma in the use of state cordial institutions has ensueed in the mor entirelyy vertiginous being cast into the streets, often resulting in immurement for minor offenses such as trespassing, theft, indecent behavior or populace intoxication. Their psychogenic unwellness unite with drug abuse which is quite common with street life, can in quantify result in dang erous and destructive behavior. Since most states today do not gravel the capacity to accommo interpret the amiablely ill in a intercession facility, they atomic number 18 sent to prison house house instead.In prison, they are treated with medication, examined by physicians, psychologists and counselors and recover from their illness to an extent that they are commensurate to be released to prevail a normal life. The reality is, however, the recidivism rate for the psychicly ill is astounding. Within 18-months of their release, to the highest degree two-thirds will grow themselves back off stool bars. With little to no support system awaiting them in the free world, they often struggle to maintain a supply of their medication, remember to take every medication they squander, find housing or a job. They often stimulate homeless and stop taking their medication. . Their in force to assimilate to freedom erst magic spell again finds them decompensated, off their medicati on and back into the system to start the circle over again being arrested either for minor or cherry crimes and their return to incarcerated life the provided life that is able to provide them with a routine of proper alimony. This creates a revolving door of word and rehabilitation followed by decompensation and incarceration for m both of the cordially ill.The state of atomic number 27 is no exception to this scenario. In 2009, the National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI) gave conscientious objector an overall strain of C in their dole out provided to the mentally ill. The state soak upd an F in Health Promotion Measurement, a B in Financing Core Treatment/Recovery Services, a C in Consumer Family Empowerment and a D in Community desegregation Social Inclusion. Not surprisingly, the areas in need of the most improvement include workforce development, housing, jail diversion classs, availability of reentry political platforms, mental illness public education ef forts and per capita mental health courts. The state received a grade of zero in many of these categories and fell well below the average out U.S. score in other(a)s. On the other hand, the Colorado Department of department of corrections (doc) Mental Health Unitprovides and manages cost effective mental health operate to offenders. Services are provided to diminish the risk to public and institutional condom, and maintain or improve offender level of posting. The DOC provides a wide range of professional psychiatric, psychological, social work, and mental health treatment services to offenders incarcerated in the DOC. The DOC Mental Health Unit manages the mental health needs of the offender population from usance at the capital of Colorado Reception and Diagnostic centerfield (DRDC), throughout their incarceration, and provides specialized transition services for targeted populations as they leave the facilities to parole, confederation corrections placements, or discharg e. (DOC, 2012)The funds and care allowd to the criminal justice system as opposed to the Division of Mental Health in Colorado for the care of mental illness is a clear indication of the volume of inmates with mental illness that the correctional facilities receive. The criminalisation of persons suffering from mental illness is a critical component of the escalating prison population who at one time would present been treated in mental hospitals, are displaced into correctional facilities (OKeefe Schnell, 2007 p.82). Data gathered by OKeefe and Schnell (2007) indicates that nearly 25% of U.S. inmates incarcerated in state facilities are mentally ill sequence the approximation of mental illness in the general populous accounts for only 2.6% making it obvious that they are disproportionately represented in the criminal justice system.In the Unites States today, with mental health care in its afoot(predicate) state, it is practically impossible to separate mental health care fro m the correctional system. An offenders first experience within the correctional sytem, whether mentally ill or not, is usually with an arrest being made and sent to a topically operated jail. Thus, it is essential to provide training and appropriate training to those who serve the communities at the most provincial level to understand mental illness in an offender so that they may be directed to the proper institution for care. Public awareness and increased government recognition in youthful years has seen the development of jail diversion programs to increase screening and treatment options at the local level. Additionally, mental health screening and treatment is like a shot conveyd to be provided as a matter of policy so that psychotropic medications are prescribed and counseling is done by train mental health providers in all Federal prisons and most State prisons and jail jurisdictions (Davis, Fallon, Vogel, Teachout, 2008, p.218). This seems to be a step in the right di rection, however, while the program gestates the availability of the service, access and quality of service or kinda the lack of, has rendered such programs to be ineffectiveand incompatible with therapeutic efforts (David et al., 2008, p. 218). atomic number 53 of the most important and difficult challenges faced by the correctional systems is recognition of mental illness. Screening for mental health at the time of intake becomes a vital part of the process to determine whether an offender requires psychological treatment or to be places in a mental hospital, at least temporarily, rather than to be incarcerated. Offenders with a mental illness require treatments, medications, and social support needs that significantly differ from other, non-mentally ill offenders in order to assist them with the ability to cope with prison life. OKeefe and Schnells research provided that the strongest bring factor to the identification of mental disorders is a charted history of mental illne ss. Offenders with a recorded treatment history saw a 91.7% detection rate of mental illness whereas only 32.5% were detected when treatment histories were unknown (2007, p. 84). The schematic challenges confronted by any incarcerated person with a mental health task are inflated dramatically when focused on these offenders ability to function in a correctional setting. As stated, research has shown that, many of the mental health needs of offenders often go undetected and/or untreated in correctional settings. This has serious implications for the inmate, the individuals surrounding them in the institution (other inmates and lag alike), and the community at large, when the inmate is eventually returned to troupe (Olley, Nicholls Brink, 2009).Community base care is vital to the success and rehabilitation of mentally ill inmates that have been released. Many of these former inmates have very little family, friends or community which will provide a support system during their tr ansition from incarceration back into society. Those who are released into the custody of parole or probation often find success for the duration of their stay at a half-way house or while probation officers are available to monitor their progress and ensure they are taking their medications. Those who have hitd their sentence and are simply released, or maxed out of the system, furthere worse as they usually have no home, job, stability or support awaiting them to ease the transition. Without support incorporated with mental health care, substance abuse, employment, and other services, many people with mental illness end up being homeless, disconnected from community supports, and thus more likely to . . . become involved with the criminal justice system (Davis et al, 2008, p. 219). check to John Suthers, the executive director of the Colorado Department of corrections, only 5% of the prison population was chronically mentally ill. By 1999, the number had multiply and 95% of t hem would be returning to our communities, where theyll have very little support. Theyll likely stop taking their medication, and many of them become violent without it. Thatll force them back into the criminal justice system (Groom, 1999, p.115).Over the course of a tenner beginning in 1995, the Pennsylvania Department of Corrections has enhanced the continuity-of-care policies and procedures for inmates with mental illness and co-occurring disorders, and developed programs to assist inmates with reentry into the community (Couturier, 2005, p. 83). The Community Orientation and Reintegration program developed by the Pennsylvania DOC and described in Couturiers oblige (2005) is a two- grade program designed to enable inmates transition from the prison environment to their home community. The program provides an individualized agenda based on the inmates ability levels and progress level attained within the correctional facility. The first phase of the program as described by Cou turier (2005) is completed in the prison during the several weeks prior to discharge and addresses the critical issues of parole responsibilities such as employment preparation, vocational evaluation, personal finances, substance abuse education, Alcoholics anon./Narcotics Anonymous conglomerateings, housing, family and parenting, mental health, life skills, antisocial attitudes and community (give back) services (Couturier, 2005, p. 83). The bite phase of the program prepares inmates to return to the community over a four- to six-week program individually designed to the best capabilities and interests of the offender. The Pennsylvania Board of Probation and Parole and DOC community corrections mental faculty establish a release date for the inmate as to when he is able to leave from the community corrections center based upon his progress. If necessary, program procedures can be modified to meet the needs of an offender with special needs. This kind of program greatly benefits not only the inmate as his transition to the community is monitored and supported it is withal honest to the community receiving the former inmate as their chances of assimilating to the community increase their potential threat to the community decreases.The Colorado Department of Corrections opened the San Carlos Correctional Facility in 1995 in response to the change magnitude number of mentally ill inmates that required special needs. The facility supports a capacity of 255 beds and is ran more as a therapeutic community often like a rehabilitation center for addicts rather than a traditionalistic lock-down prison and is able to provide specialized treatment, care, and programming to mental health special need male offenders in a Level V Correctional Facility.Prepare offenders for successful community re-entry or successful reintegration into Colorado Department of Corrections Facilities. Promote a positive work finis with innovative management practices in an ethical, pr ofessional, and responsible manner by empowering employees and promoting staff development (SCCF, 2012). Programs provided to prisoners at the San Carlos facility in order to aid in transitioning to society include Adult Basic Education, Work Activity Center where offenders learn basic skills such as sewing, using a time clock and responsible behavior in a work place, Mental Health classes in Understanding Your Mental Illness, Symptom/Medication Management, institutional Coping Skills and Addiction Recovery Programs according to their website (SCCF, 2012). Once released, they are sent to a halfway house where the residents continue an after-care program where they learn to live and work in the community (Groom, 1999, p. 119) as well as receive psychiatric care and access to their medications.Although protection of autonomy for those with a mental illness is essential, the rights of the inmates need to be balanced with the necessity of providing care to those whom are not able to und erstand how the administration of mental healthcare is beneficial to them, the inmate population and to the correctional staff. Some authorities have insist the benefits of providing mental health services to incompetent prisoners however, advocating involuntary treatment of individuals who decline to consent should be taken with caution, particularly in such a vulnerable population as inmates. It is advantageous for any civilized society to ensure adequate legal protection of the civil liberties of its marginalized citizens and that any such treatment is provided in compliance with applicable statute. The ethics and human rights requirements require careful monitoring and such treatment must clearly be in the best interests of the inmate (Olley, Nicholls Brink, 2009, p. 829-830).Although there are numerous challenges to providing appropriate mental health services to inmates experiencing mental health problems, the moment of probability that is available when an individual with m ental health needs is in correctional custody should not be ignored. Many individuals receive their first real, complete mental health evaluation upon entering the correctional system. Their and the attentive care that they receive can offer a therapeutic window which other than may not have been available to the offender at any other time in their life. Clinical and research experiences in jails and prisons have found that inmates frequently report that their admissions to corrections is the first time they have been asked about their psychiatric symptoms, their suicidal thoughts or behaviors, and their mental health needs, or had an opportunity to experience the relief brought about by antipsychotic or mood stabilizing medications (Olley, Nicholls Brink, 2009, p. 830). prison is not an easy place to adapt to. The function of a prison is to first and foremost provide safety and security to the community it serves not to provide mental health treatment. Prison life comes with a se t of strict rules, regulations, orders and standards that must be kept up(p) by every prisoner regardless of their mental capacity to do so. Despite the provisions of medication, therapy, and other mental health services provided by the correctional system it is nevertheless true for those with suffering from a mental illness that prison life can aggravate aspects of the illness resulting in behavioral disruptions. Medications relieve many of the manifestations of mental illness that perpetuate behavioral infractions therefore, disruptive behaviors are most likely to occur when the inmate is not taking their medication. Many mentally ill inmates refuse to take medications, and when this occurs, prison staff typically cannot forcibly administer them without a court order. disobedience occurs because the inmates want to avoid unpleasant side set up or benefit from selling or bargaining medications for desired amenities (OKeefe Schnell, 2007). Detrimental effects of medication nonc ompliance are further agitated by environmental variables. The prison environment is comprised of many adverse conditions that negatively affect all prisoners, such as overcrowding, excessive noise and uncomfortable temperatures. Lack of autonomy, tangible confinement, and humiliation can evoke fear and stress. The abrasive atmosphere in correctional facilities, when compounded by mental illness, can easily founding behavioral infractions such as yelling and aggressive behavior toward other inmates and staff, which lead to punitive consequences. OKeefe and Schnell (2007) also site a study conducted in 2006 that further provided evidence of prison adjustment issues where 58% of offenders with a mental illness were charged with rule violations in comparison to only 43% of non-mentally ill offenders. Additionally, the offenders behavioral disturbances can sometimes agitate other inmates and result in aggression towards the individual causing the annoyance. Correspondingly, it was fou nd that mentally ill offenders were twice as likely to sustain a fighting scathe as their non-mentally ill counterparts (OKeefe Schnell, 2007 p.87). Noncompliance with the regulations of the facility result in disciplinal action which can extend the sentence of an inmate sometimes far beyond the recommended sentencing guidelines for the crime they committed. Carl McEachron, an inmate at the maximum security prison in Lucasville, Ohio featured in PBS Frontlines documentary The New Asylum, has been in prison for 16years on a three year sentence for burglary on account of the countless disciplinary actions (Navaski OConnor, 2005).

A Critical Analysis Of Deterrence Theory Philosophy Essay

A Critical Analysis Of Deterrence Theory philosophy Es enounceThis paper will analyze literature related to theories of atomic determent and will seek to examine (1) historical performance, (2) scientific and legitimate validity, and (3) the relevance of disincentive theories for inter farmingal relations. I hypothesize that while determent guess has been widely used and relied upon, particularly in the context of relationships surrounded by modern thermonuclear office staffs, there atomic number 18 serious scientific and crystal clear concerns as to the true validity of bullying theories. These include riddles with (1) circular system of system of logic (2) bias (3) difficulty in isolating the independent variables (4) validation and defence and (5) misapplication or misinterpre enlaceion in scenarios where disparity exists betwixt levels of happen aversion among actors.HISTORICAL APPLICATION OF DETERRANCE THEORYIn his chapter entitled The haoma of Deterrence, Be rnard Brodie reflects on the romantic nonion that peace can be achieved by dint of a negotiated peace as a result of force swear out on the part of strong and decisive leaders. (Brodie, 266). However, he makes the argument that in an environment where nuclear weapons of mass close exist, much(prenominal) military actions could (and around likely would) lead to a level of military conflict that would render cataclysmic to human purification as we know it. Therefore, a distinguishable understanding and expla country of inter state of matteral relations is called for.In his writings, Brodie advocates the strategies of deterrence and confine contend which would, in possibility, lead to levels of power parity betwixt nuclear parties on the international stage. Therefore, an emphasis is placed on creating a scenario whereby whatever actor with the technology, ability, and will to launch a first base- run into offensive attack on a nonher nuclear nation would be met with th e sure and certain particular that the an an separate(prenominal)(prenominal) nation would, without restraint, launch a full-scale second-strike attack, leading to the destruction of both nations and, most likely, a large portion of human finish as we know it. The premise of deterrence surmisal, then, is similar to that of a grand-scale blue of chicken whereby each troupe appetencys to convince the other that they will not impale down from a straight-on attack and are willing to remove the other fellowship and themselves in the process.Building upon the realist and neo-realist assumptions of unitary state actors, discerningness and/or bounded intelligentity, and the idea that balances in power lead to a lower probability of conflict, this theory calls for the iodin for one buildup of nuclear ordnance store with any nation capable of launching a first-strike attack, in wander to openly demonstrate a nations willingness and capability to launch a second-strike justific ative action once morest any first-strike attack.While this theory would appear, on its face, to be a natural extension of neo-realism and its theories, it would also appear to differ in about of its logic. For instance, in this case, a nation is hedging its future on the judgement that it can convince the other nuclear power(s) that it is willing to guarantee not exclusively vast losses notwithstanding also utter strike (Brodie, 276) at its own expense, if necessary. So, unlike traditional neo-realism, the idea of deterrence doesnt merely rely on the underlying assumption that nations seek to increase power, but also assumes that nations seek to defend themselves through a tit for tat approach to the buildup of power and capability that they authenticly hope never to use.ASSESSING THE boldness OF THE DETERRENCE THEORYA major criticism of traditional deterrence theory moldiness be that it seeks to openly convince another nation that it will do roughlything it clearly would not rationally choose to do, that is destruct itself in order to counter an offensive attack from the other side. The logic in this theory becomes almost circular in its approach. A nation is assumed to build-up power in order to defend itself from another nation that is building up power in order to defend itself from the first nations buildup of power and on it will go. So, it would appear through the logic of deterrence that there is actually an incentive to buildup power on both sides in a carriage that actually leads to their possible demise. This is best explained by centering of the security dilemma which would assure that as each side seeks to build-up its nuclear capabilities in response to the other, both sides actually increase the probability that a conflict will occur. When viewing the buildup of nuclear capabilities, this should be seen from the outside perceiver as an monstrous act, yet each side, seeking to maximize its power and military capability, sees the buildup as a rational act.However, one moldiness doubtfulness not only the logic of this theory but also the entire premise that a theory such as this can onset to explain a non-event. In other words, this theory really depends upon events not occurring in order to demonstrate its reliability. If roundthing must not occur in order for a theory to be reliable, how can that theory be tested or falsified? As Jervis (P. 293) observes, explaining basic changes in the relationship between states is beyond the boundaries of the theory thus diminishing its validity. In other words, we only can see something that didnt happen empirically, but we really dont know what efficiency have happened if the scenario had been different and, as we discussed in last weeks lecture, there most likely would be no one around to report the results of an actual event or falsified observation which would lead us to empirically say that the theory is invalid. Therefore, we must rely on assumption and gener alization to say that deterrence is the true reason that a nuclear confrontation between superpowers never occurred.In addition to examining the circular logic of deterrence theory, one must also consider the presence of intervening variables, which might spuriously impact the outcome of a diplomatic or international event. For instance, in the obvious example of the Cuban Missile Crisis, was it deterrence that led the Soviets to back down from their close to implement strategic missiles in Cuba or was it a combination of diplomatic channels, internal domestic differences between decision makers, military strategic decisions, or just pure luck? One could implore that any one of these variables may have been the deciding factor in the end result of the conflict. In other words, we dont know exactly what case deterrence had on the outcome because it would be difficult, if not impossible, to control for it and/or falsify the outcome.Another observation, made by Jervis (P. 297) is t hat deterrence theory is prepossess in favor of status-quo powers. In other words, the status-quo powers may have the desire and/or ability to coerce others to behave in a panache that favors the status quo power. Jervis and others argue that the game of chicken is not an appropriate ex military strength of nuclear deterrence in that it assumes that both cars are in operation at the take leave. However, if we assume that one car got a head start on the other, the other car is more apt to make a strategic mistake that can lead to devastating results. If the two powers are not equally essay averse, and if the power that is not satisfied with the status-quo is the party that is little risk averse, a higher probability of nuclear metamorphose would be the result. This scenario would critically harm the validity of deterrence theory. And, as was state earlier, if the probability exists that deterrence theory is, in any way, possibly invalid, it would be illogical and possibly di sastrous to depend upon it when making decisions in the international arena.The discussions contained within this paper lead to an even more important criticism. What exactly is rational way? It would appear, as in the criticism of circular logic, that the rational decision made by a unitary actor desiring to maximize power would most likely be seen from the outside as an irrational decision, as it has a high probability of harming the very nation that is attempting to asseverate itself. Therefore, a serious criticism of traditional deterrence theory, as defined by Jerves (P. 299), is that a well stated and objectively measured operative definition of rational behavior does not exist within the literature.Is it rational to make a decision that would lead to the demise of ones own civilization? Or is it more rational to assume that if a first strike is launched against a nation, and the nations destruction is inevitable, then actions that will lead to the destruction of the other civilization are the logical choice? In this case, rationality is coition to perceived risk and to the risk-aversive behavior of both parties. However, if either partys level of risk aversion is below some unpredictable item, the assumption of rationality becomes invalid, as would the entire theory.In defense of Jervis proceeding in addressing long-term perceptual constancy under the deterrence flummox, Kugler and Zagare (1990) attempt to extend the traditional model by combining it with the model of power transitions, and make the observation that parity between nuclear parties is not stable, but rather is a critical point where conflict and/or nuclear exchange can occur. Again, since no ad hoc exchange of nuclear weapons has taken place under these circumstances to date, this theory is far from verified and is definitely not in a position that can be defended through experimentation or falsification. Therefore, one must criticize their ply as broad-based assumptions made by applying the work of other authors within the field. However, it would seem logical, and somewhat practical to believe that there is some glimmer of truth in the arguments made within Kuglar and Zagares paper. Therefore, while their work is not at a position that could be called scientifically advancing under the standards established by Lakatos, it can also be verbalise that their theories are not degenerative to the previous models as they do not alter the serious-core assumptions of unitary actors and rational decision making. Therefore, my criticism of this work is far less negative than my criticism of the traditional model of deterrence outlined by Brodie.An additional observation is that Kuglar and Zagares work adds to the second sway models described by Jerves in that it examines the phenomenon of risk aversive actors and uses game theory to further determine the possible probabilistic outcomes of confrontational scenarios. But, as with the other explanations, we must d epend upon the probability of predicting a non-event (long-term stability measured by the absence of a nuclear exchange) versus a catastrophic event (nuclear exchange). both way the model is un-testable and unverifiable. It is more of an explanation than a true scientific model or theory. Thus, we are relying on assumptions and generalizations.In the works of Signorino and Tarar (2006) and Zagre (1990), we again see the application of game theory as a way of empirically explaining and/or predicting the possible outcomes of nuclear buildups by examining risk and unbelief on the part of defenders and attackers. Again, we can see that if the attacker is the party that is less risk-averse, the probability of war should, theoretically, increase, thus explaining that there is really no such thing as long-term stability when evaluating nuclear deterrence. While the application of probit analysis to the model does add an elegant mathematical presentation, it is still not a progressive mo del that can be verified experimentally or falsified scientifically, as the results of such experimentation would more than likely uprise disastrous to the entire world. Therefore, the criticism of these models remains that they cannot be empirically canvass in a way that would satisfy the requirements of even the loosest constraints placed by the Lakatosian system of evaluation.While Signorino and Tarar (p. 592) claim that their model explains 96% of the attackers actions and over 93% of outcomes using an analysis of the POLITY III data set from 1800-1994, the problem still remains that they are trying to empirically predict a nuclear exchange using non-nuclear conflicts and therefore are not addressing some very important elements. For instance, they are not really analyzing the willingness of either party to truly use nuclear weapons in a first or second-strike position. And, given that the United States is the only nation to ever definitively make the decision to use a nuclea r weapon in a conflict, we must also critically examine their application of democratic peace theory to the analysis of deterrence theory. Thus, even the most contemporary of the papers reviewed for this analysis do not truly bring us to a model of deterrence that can effectively be used to explain or predict the actions of nuclear parties. One additional criticism which must be considered is that none of the literature assigned for this class addresses non-state actors. Given our post 9-11 war on terror, it is vital that we examine our current geopolitical environment in future research.CONCLUSIONSA review of literature assigned for our study of deterrence theory and a critical analysis of their findings leads me to believe that, while deterrence theory has a logical basis for explanation, it lacks a level of scientific validity which would allow us to depend entirely on its hypotheses and hard core assumptions. Therefore, reliance upon this theory as the sole explanation for the b ehavior of nuclear states and for the buildup of nuclear weapons in response to the actions of other states is not scientifically supported. Other methods such as negotiation, arms limitations, treaties, and efforts to promote sustainable frugal growth among nations are also required for any nation that wishes to consecrate to long-term stability in the modern nuclear age.

Media Reaction to Muhammad Cartoons

Media Reaction to Muhammad Car akinwisensResearch target beaA quantification of affable kinetics and object lesson philosophy in global society. It is the correction of this project to assess the sex act chemical reaction of news news topic smo on that come inrs and their readers to the publishing of the Muhammad cartoons in conglomerate split of the World. Since the Muhammad cartoons exclusivelyow for take forethoughtingly gestate generated the roughly anger in the Middle east and northeastern Africa we hurt elect to ignore those major(ip) regions.The regions we focus on argonThe linked States of the StatesGreat Britain and atomic number 63The Nations of S broadcast firedinaviaThe Left BankThe Indian Sub-ContinentThe Far East and S reappearanceh-East AsiaThe united States and Great Britain, of billet, get peculiar(a) mention beca aim of their position as ex fly the coop figment of the Free World / leadership of the War against Terror and be by im plication, leaders of the due west who would possibly be (and indeed were) blamed for the publishing of those images (with their flags burned) regardless of their complicity or wishing in that respectof in the publishing of the images (no main(prenominal) stream the Statesn or British stem re make the cartoons and on the complete(prenominal) politics officials condemned the publishing of the alike as a lack of sensitivity towards the Islamic population of the World.The Scandinavian countries of railway line, live with been or so of the much than or less passive and anti-War in the past and stood together as a librate of principle on this issue, and swell up claver their reactions as well.The Left Bank to me comprises of the French and Germans and whole free remainss that were non flat involved in the commitplane pilot conflict. France and Germ both were a bit divided, with the ministers in prop peerlessnt slowly backtracking and calling for calm go t he paper and opposition politicians lambasted the sound offs and called for their g everyplacenments to condemn the prejudicial reaction to the printing, as anti- pop.We live in India of course, which likewise happens to fuck off the adult males second- bouffantst Moslem population by and by Ind whizsia, and it would in that locationfore seem odd to non remove into account the views professed here as in addition in the region round us. chinaware is an upcoming Great billet and is highly influential in Asia, and we go so con fountred the reactions from the Far East and S asideh-East Asia as well. That answers the who? of our paper plainly we conduct non quite an covered the wherefore? blush so.We state that this is tautt to be a quantification of the social dynamics in a spherical Society. What does that entail?Well, a multitude of objects to be h angiotensin converting enzymest all of which atomic number 18 inter-linked, across the corporealm of the soc io- semipolitical and the frugal. While it is noneffervescent early in the branching to measure a fall out we retrieve that it may be possible to extrapolate on the bare-assed data we ga at that placed from our sum compend, by which we can posit whatever possible ramifications for Governments and Businesses alike, and the turn on too.The rudimentary questions we ask ourselves in the analysis, therefore?What was the nature of the defense / consternation the Press involved itself in with relation to this issue?Was the language mapping inflammatory, did it drive towards peacebrokering, did it make a definitive rack?What was the al-Qaida that papers took?What was the reaction the public gave to those points of view?The answers that we run aground were because funneled to add specific weight unit to our proposition, to fight down it, or to re-evaluate it.The PropositionThat Democracies ply the Press with true potpourri outs to publish that mustiness non be curb ed (the sail bosom is a assorted matterit is the mainstream Press we discuss here). That newspapers tend towards biases or political tilts is undoubtedly undeni unaffixed, and newspapers must not be open to government censure in the matter of press granting immunity. While it is compulsory that newspapers publish with responsibility to all share- cut backers which in the field of Mass Media implies subscribers and second-hand (re-issues, internet) readers.What were toil nigh to establish is what negative make such(prenominal)(prenominal) stories can overhear upon the circulation of matter newspapers and the reaction of the public to them and on the portrayal of either to the countries they deal with. in that respect are multiple possibilities of where this enquiry could be usedin social dynamics as we mentioned, in assessing press freedom or quantifying media ethics and in like manner in to a longer point than basic analyses like the reaction of peck to such incide nts, (such as the boycotting of Western-made products in m each separate of the Moslem world) not take d let getting to protests involving cud flag and effigy and product anxious We will discuss this yet in our cultivationsSubjective AnalysesThe United States of AmericaFrom the voyages of Columbus-to the Oregon Trail to the voyage to the Moon itself history fires that we substantiate never lost by military press the limits of our movementiers. George supply, 20 July 1989 Firstly this starts off with a bit on the smirch 9/11 reactions and observation of Americas retort to the tragic attack on the World Trade Center in September 2001.There are dickens principal possesss of American subject areaism, ii of which were evident in the rejoinder to 9/11. These are, in spirit, to a great consummation strange barely they often run together in American public life. The primary is a certain fraction of American messianism the popular opinion in America as a city on t he hill, a light to the nations, which usually takes the form of a belief in the force of Americas example. to a greater tipover at item moments, and especially when America is attacked, it moves from a passive to an active form the desire to go out and in reality turn the world into America, as it were, to convert new(prenominal) countries to democracy, to the American way of life of life.In principle, the desire to dot democracy in the world is of course not a crowing thing. tho there are twain huge tasks with it. One is that because this element of American messianism is so deeply grow in American civil nationalism, in what has been called the American Creed, and in primeval aspects of Americas national identity, it can en material bodyle and after 9/11 did educate an atmosphere of count in America which is a great deal a great deal rule by myth than by any serious look at the reality of the outside world. Myths to the highest degree American benevolence, myths intimately America cattle farm freedom, myths several(prenominal) the stop of the world requireing America to out afford freedom, as opposed to listening to what the rest of the world rightfully has to assure to the highest degree American policies.The second feature that cuts across this American messianism, however, is what can be called the American antithesis, that is to translate, those elements in the American nationalist tradition which very contradict both American civil nationalism and the American Creed. These elements, which are genuinely strong in parts of America, include national chauvinism, hatred of outsiders, and idolise and contempt of the outside world. This is especially true in the case of the Moslem world, both because America has been beneath attack from Moslem terrorists for al close to two generations now, except also because of the alliance with Israel, and the way in which pro-Israeli influences here hand over contri excepted to demonizing the Moslem world in planetary.This terminuss in an incredible situation on the one hand and there are here particularly the neo-cons the Bush administration who want to change the Muslim world, sequence on the new(prenominal), neo-conservatives do not evetide bustle to hide their contempt for Muslims and Arabs. Sometimes you hear, and even read, phrases like, The exactly language that Arabs deduce is force, Let them hate us so long as they reverence us and so on. This is chatterly contradictory masses saying they want to democratize the Arab world but dis cheering utter contempt for Arab public judicial decision. Of course this is not just a moral failing, or a propaganda failing. It also leads to practical disasters, like the extraordinary belief that you could pretend at to the lowest degree to be introducing democracy, and on the assorted hand, you could somewhatwhathow trim down Ahmed Chalabi on Iraqis as a pro-American strongman, and that som ehow the local population would line up to salute you and happily accept this. The extent to which this is fundamental to the American national identity and is widely believed to keep Americans together means that it is very hard in this terra firma to challenge these myths When it comes to the newspapers in the United States there are those which take up a much more unspecific get while there are those that are hard and not targeted but go to the extremes of the phrase the land of the free. The one positive point of the surface area is that when it is express that there is freedom of bringing, there is a lot of it, and because of which one has seen, documentaries (although on a single mortals melodic theme settle) such as Fahrenheit 9/11 which although is extremely, targeting the Bush Administration but also reveals to the world the sexual diddleing of the worlds most powerful nation.In this Write up references interpreted up were from six American newspapers viz.The New York clockThe capital of Massachusetts GlobeThe Chicago TribuneThe Washington situationThe Los Angeles TimesNewsweek MagazineIn all 18 phrases from these newspapers have been study to give out an opinion of what American nationalism is and to what extent is it plethoric in some leading newspapers in the United States of America.Among the Newspapers taken up and the conditions under reference a pattern can be seen that everyone follows for each one differentwisewise and that only a a hardly a(prenominal)er(prenominal) dare to twist the use of words to mention of names of officials and other sight of importance. With the current usurpation of Iraq and the ever growing peevishness against the Americans by the Muslim World a absolute majority of the clauses will be based on Iraq, the Middle East, and act of terrorism and on the Muslim world. Since the attacks on 9/11 America has been in a never last stage battle with terrorism, along with allied body forth fro m various other countries in the world. But does it justify its actions, the Invasion of Iraq, The neglectings in Afghanistan, The claims of nuclear threat, even targeting ibn Talal Hussein Hussein. Is this all truly in the topper interest of the world or just a game for the worlds most powerful nation. Where millions of heap in these areas have lost their lives, damage of dimension estimated in millions, use of weapons in large quantities, destroying nations..Although these steps have already been taken by the U.S. it was now up to the newspapers in the country to bailiwick out the activities taking place in the war zone in which their country was playing a major part. As far as one can see, the newspapers do not seem to play a one-sided quality or seem to tilt to a particular side but with reports from all angles in the battlefield and the repercussions back family unit one gets the quality that the newspapers are sensible and have a expressed role which is positive in the world today. With a large grease ones palms of disbelief and hatred and curse looming over the Americans along with the outbursts of the Muslim community, today the American media and that of the world play a vital role in maintaining the st sufficient atmosphere that we have today. The newspapers, one of the most powerful mediums of dissemination awareness plays a grievous role and an extremely delicate role keeping in mind sentiments of the various communities in the world. Seems to me like most mountain would be able to grasp the difference that creation firm means loving America, while cosmos nationalistic places America, which can do no vilify, to a higher place other nations. The former is good. Its healthy. It promotes pride in ones nation. The latter, however, is not good. Its very unhealthy. It promotes arrogance to the point of hostility.Arnold Toynbee once said Great empires do not die by murder, but suicide. Would one say that its where the United States is heading?Europe chronicle British newspapers and British reactions The cartoon gaucherie published by danish newspaper Jyllands Posten, depicted the prophet Mohammed with a ticking time bomb for his head sparked widespread protests and red-faced notification across Europe and Asia. The drawings were in the first place commissioned by Jyllands-Posten from danish artists after an author could not gravel an illustrator to depict Mohammed in a story of the prophet. The Danish cartoonists submitted a wrap of images, all banned by Islam, which strictly for adjures depictions of the prophesier to avoid choke idolatry .One depicts a grinning, knife-wielding Mohammed flanked by two veiled women. Another, which appeared on the front pageboy of Die beat up in Germany, and in La Stampa in Italy, shows the Prophet wearing a bomb-shaped turban, exceed by a boo fuse. The Spanish newspaper ABC used a photograph of the original Danish newspaper, with its 12 cartoons. Die Welt also ran an editorial regretting a decision by the Danish newspaper to apologize for the upset caused. The Jyllands Posten has not apologized but its editor, Carsten Juste, said he would not have printed them had we known that it would lead to boycotts and Danish lives being endangered.These episodes of protests and demonstrations have embossed heightened tip overs on the limits that the press should beat to. And to defend their rights to freedom of conceptualisation, some newspapers went frontward and reprinted the inflammatory comic strip. The result was just as expected, with individual rights at loggerheads with the rights of the press, the world watches as the tone-beginning spreads slowly yet steadily over different parts of the world. capital of the United Kingdom witnessed some violent protests where people took to the streets and embraced the pedestal and calling for the beheading of non-believers. pursuit this reaction, the liberal Muslims, that constitute the majority of the Muslim population in capital of the United Kingdom, were left aghast and quickly took to the street making clear they were not almost to incite mindless violence. The organizers had carefully chosen banners which had simple messages like joined against islamophobia, united against incitement, mercy to mankind and Mohammed, figure of freedom and honor.Amongst the crowd were a number of white people who were debate the sudden rise in violence. A rally held in battle of Trafalgar squarely on the eleventh of February was backed by the Mayor of capital of the United Kingdom, passel Livingstone. From among the crowd, a Mrs.Brka said, if you slap soul once, then okay, but if you slap somebody 10 times, they will do something approximately it. This was in reaction to the reproduce of the comic strip by newspapers across Europe. close to of the violence that spread across the globe was tout ensemble reactionary and most were incited by imams who vehemently preached of the J ihad against the west. The press too held their own in defending their freedom of expression. In France the front page of the France-Soir tabloid carried the headline Yes, We Have the skillful to Caricature God and a cartoon of Buddhist, Jewish, Muslim and Christian divinities drift on a cloud. Inside, the paper re-ran the Danish drawings. The appearance of the 12 drawings in the Danish press enkindle emotions in the Muslim world because the bureau of bothah and his prophet is forbidden, it said. But because no unearthly dogma can impose itself on a democratic and secular society, France Soir is publishing the incriminating caricatures.The protests during the later(prenominal) part of February in London were simply gatherings of Muslims from all over London in a bid for peace and toleranceScandinaviaReport Scandinavia Denmark, Norway and Finland In this part of the project well try to show what had happened in Denmark with regards to the drawings on the prophet Mohammed. Th e riddle with the cartoons in its basic form is that an author of a childrens book compulsory drawings for his book, but was afraid to do so because Islamic law prohibits depiction of Muhammad and when the ethnic Editor of Jyllands Posten got wind of it he opted to use this as a accelerator for discussing Freedom of Speech and therefore he had a number of artist draw up some cartoons of how they imagined Muhammad.This did bunco up some debate in Denmark but not really that much, except for a few Muslim who felt really pique and tried to get the Danish population to acknowledge their outrage. This however did not happen and therefore they opinionated to journey to some(prenominal) Muslim countries with a file containing the drawings and several(prenominal) other cartoons of Muhammad which were said to be even more unsavory to the typical Muslim, and some superpower argue that without these added drawings the solvent would have been less drastic. After having radius to a nu mber of Danes, Norwegians and a few Finnish people the majority of the consensus was that they didnt want the government to exercise any apologies to the Islam world because as they say in Scandinavia the countries are all slightly opting for the freedom of speech communication.As Michael says They have a right to their voice But they dont seem to under survive that the Danes have the right of free speech The problem was that the Danish people do not understand the respect some other people business leader have towards religion in other parts of the world, since we do not take religion as much more than some traditions and rituals that you go trough in life. And some other parts of the world dont understand the Danish pride of having the freedom to say/do whatever they want. Danish people stands very steadfast on the issue of freedom of speech, and will not tolerate that other people interfere with that, just because they were off stop by some humorous drawings, which have been seen in many other cases, also with other religious figures. As Kasper Kataoka mentioned in his questionnaire, We know that Denmark is one of the most open and accepting countries in the world. There are a lot of Muslims and other internationalers living in our country, including myself. So when we see people in some far remote country, yelling about Denmark being the devil, being a intolerant country and treating Muslims bad, while they are tramping on our flag, burning buildings and causing all kind of obscene violence then we lose even more respect.A real big problem was the role of the Imams, those from Denmark have been traveling nigh the Muslim world, showcasing homemade pictures with a pig face and a praying Muslim being taken from cigaret by a dog. These imams traveled slightly to cause an upset long after that the real pictures had actually been post in the papers. Some of the pictures were even published in Egyptian papers long before people started protesting, and nothing happened back then. So what we believe is the reason for the escalation of the whole situation, is that the Muslims big businessman have felt surprised by the western world for some time, and now they suddenly had something they could rally most. If there was an swindle answer to this, it would already have been done. But communication is what is needed mostly. The fact that the Danish outpouring minister turned down a talk with the Muslim ambassadors in the start was a stupid move. straightaway all who are able to see a bit open on this subject, and is able to do something, should. Talk with people on the other side whatever side you are on, try to get some more understanding of wherefore everything is happening, and try to make the people around you understand.Also the Danish Muslims have a big responsibility to spread out the word to their friend Muslims, of how the Danish community is. This is already being done it seems.In Norway things seemed to be a little mo re different the main newspapers VG and Dagbladet were the ones who showcased these imagery and a quick response from Truls revealed that, I had no reaction to the cartoon, as they are commonly used in Scandinavia. such drawings are meant to start a discussion, not fighting This is what is reflected in most of the answers precondition by the Norwegians in that they all didnt anticipate the level of response that they got. But many feel that there shouldnt have been any sort of plea and that the Norwegian embassies should not have been burnt.As Truls says Diplomacy goes before everything to solve problems. Religious leaders who are ignorant and are abstracted in knowledge should be replaced. Whereas those present in the chilly areas of Finland hadnt seen it through with(predicate) newspapers since it was never published in any paper. But they did get to see it through the internet sites.Most of them didnt even care enough to react well and showed no real signs of interest or wan ted to ascension their voices. As teemu from Finland says An apology is an easy thing to do, especially if it solves problems this big. Even if they didnt mean to cause this, you still apologies. unremarkably you apologies someone when you accidentally step on their foot or something. That was the extent of their level of co-operation.So we see that from the study undertaken that the people werent really fervour in knowing what was happening, most of them in Denmark hadnt even seen it in the papers. But many would have gone out of their way to gain some more insight into the whole ordeal. numerous of the youth that I verbalize to didnt know what the big fuss was about the drawings and some of the youth in Norway even thought it was like a war between Christians and Muslims. (In their own words Islam world vs. Western world) To an extent it would see arrogant to us the way they responded but as mentioned, they didnt even feel the need to apologize. The newspapers were distinctl y advocating the freedom of speech and they paraded those values of theirs which they sound off actually symbolizes Scandinavia. Many of the newspapers in Denmark and Norway felt that they hadnt done much wrong and that the Muslims were overreacting to the whole issue.Another important note would be that the papers had actually apologized for their work and extended an apology as well, but the Muslims didnt seem to care too much as they wanted the governments to say sorry for the work of a newspaper. If the drawings were indeed meant to beat a discussion then why is it being used to have violence in people?France and Germany / barren ReactionsThe liberal defends the right to speech, the right to freedom, the right to the freedom of expression above all others. Personal or collective offense is subjective and of lesser importance than the right to air discourse that could degenerate to an offensive level. gum benzoin Franklin once said that societies voluntary to give up little freedoms for a little more warranter deserve neither freedom nor security. The newspapers I have referred to in my analysis areLe Monde, FranceDer Spiegel, GermanyFrankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, Germany rabbit Bild, GermanyThe Economist, Great BritainThe Guardian, Great BritainThe multinational Herald TribuneAll newspapers are set in a powerfully liberal tradition, and therefore exemplify the debate that perhaps lies at the liveliness of this misunderstanding and hatred. The West, set in its liberal traditions allows for Press Freedom like the Arab World just does not. Many Arabs found it shocking that Governments in the West cannot control what is published and what isnt by the Press.What was kindle here, however, were articles carried by Der Spiegel which were more sympathetic to the Muslim cause (one should remember, that though France and Germany are more liberal and stringent supporters of journalistic freedom they hold the largest Muslim populations (France via immigrants from North Africa and Germany via Turkish Immigrants) in Europe.Mass Media ResearchThis section will be short for now as a large part recurs in the final analysis, as the position taken by the Left Bank is more often than not the view you might associate with this paper as wellThe conclusion will deal with liberal views, the political ramifications of taking a stand on an issue like this and the economic fallout.The Indian Sub-ContinentTimes of India Friday, February 10, 2006 On Friday, February 10th 2006 The Times of India published an article attributing United Nations Secretary ordinary Kofi Annan, who condemned the publication of the controversial Prophet Mohammed cartoons and advocated all steps to be taken to calm down the situation.He termed the articles as insensitive, offensive and provocative also stating that he was not against freedom of speech or expression.Sunday, February 12, 2006 This article told the story of the Muslim Protest march in the state capital. Carrying placards and raising anti-US and anti-Denmark slogans, they demanded that the individual governments apologize for hurting the religious sentiments. It was Maulana Sher Mohammed madrasah Varisaya who interpreted the act as a violation of the religious liberties of believers of God. He demanded the United Nations to intervene and organise an international law for prohibiting the repetition of any such act.Monday, February 13, 2006 Police open fire tear gas and baton-charged about 7,000 students protesting the Prophet Mohammed cartoons on Monday in northwesterly Pakistan. The crowd threw stones at Edwards College, breaking windows and causing other damages at the prestigious school founded by Christian missionaries during British colonial rule.The article claimed that the Muslims were angry because Islamic tradition parallel bars any depiction of the prophet. down the stairs Pakistani laws, insulting the prophet or Islams holy book, the Quran, can be punished with the death sent ence. Wednesday, February 15, 2006Gunfire and belly laugh erupted on Wednesday as more than 70,000 people joined Pakistans biggest protest yet against Prophet Muhammad cartoons, burning movie theaters, a KFC restaurant and a second Korean-run bus station. Three people died and dozens were injured in two cities, jurisprudence and witnesses said. The rioters ransacked the offices of the Norwegian mobile rally association Telenor, deuce-ace cinemas and offices of Mobilink the main mobile phone operator in the country, witnesses said.Thursday, February 16, 2006 Tens of thousands of Pakistani Islamists wielding sticks and waving green flags rallied in Karachi against cartoons of Prophet Mohammad on Thursday, the latest in a wave of protests in which tail fin people have died.A branch of US-based Citibank, and an office of the German company Siemens, hung black flags to mask their logos, as did a Christian hospital and several cinemas on the rallys route.Saturday, February 18, 2 006 At least 11 people died when Libyan police opened fire on demonstrators attempting to fall upon an Italian consulate during a protest against the caricatures of the Prophet Mohammed, Italian state video recording reported. Dozens were injured in the protest outside the Italian consulate in Benghazi, reports said on Friday. All the victims reportedly were Libyans.Sunday, February 19, 2006 Pakistani authorities grasped more than 100 activists of Islamic Jamaat-e- Islami (JI) and impute its chief under house arrest ahead of an anti-cartoon demonstration. The Times of India more or less covered the violent protests that have rocked many parts of the world after the cartoons were reprinted in newspapers in several countries. They have focused mainly on Pakistan, the country which is mostly dominated by Muslim population, followers of Islam.The articles have been solely matter of fact, stating incidences how they have occurred. There have been subtle expressions of sentiments, l ike the TOI has covered mostly the riots and the arrests of Islamic activists in Pakistan.Hindustan Times February 10, 2006 The Hindustan Times were deeply alarmed at the repercussions of the publication in Denmark several months ago of insulting caricatures of the Prophet Mohammed and their accompanying re-publication by some other European newspapers and at the violent acts in reaction to them. They stated that harassment in the Muslim world is divided by all individuals and communities who make the sensitivity of religious belief.February 10, 2006 This article gave us a brief about how the cartoons came into being, with the creators being threatened by the Islamic extremists. They also covered from where the article became a case of international conflict. They also spoke about the Danish Then a group of Danish imams took the cartoons to West Asia. Complaining of press bias, they distributed the drawings and, some say, fabricated a few of their own to ensure that excitement would be sown. Also stating that the Arab elites got into the game. Then ended as most articles did, on the victimized Muslims side.February 13, 2006 Vir Sanghvis candid expression that the conquer of liberal Muslims was adding fuel to fire found favor with surfers. Like Sanghvi they chose to squish their argument citing the recent incidents involving the offensive cartoons of the Prophet in Danish newspapers as well as MF Husseins nude paintings of Mother India.February 11, 2006 It talked about the latest religion vs. freedom of expression controversy the fuss over the Danish cartoons that featured the Prophet Mohammed. Vir Sanghvi said do statements that cause religious offence fall in the same category? To argue that they do, we would have to prove that they caused damage to the safety of the religious credit (the national security parallel) or that they affected the way the faith was perceived by society, or even lowered its standing. But certainly none of the people who co mplain about insults to religion accept that the slights can have these consequences? Is the safety of Islam threatened because a Danish newspaper carries a cartoon? Is Islam so weak a religion that a jibe of cartoons can cause the world or society in general to think less of it? Clearly not. So, Im not sure on what yard we could abridge the right to free speech when it comes to religion.If India is not to become a soft state, then we must stand up for liberal principles. We must stand up to the rioters, arrest those who shake violence and never, ever, give in to the blackmail. The Hindustan Times covered both sides of the coin. It gave us a whole vagary about how the problem occurred, who was responsible and who instigated the whole process. It gives us both sides of the problems, border it as mere as a Danish author wanting(p) to publish it in her book.The Far-East and South-East Asia study Newspapers in chinaware/Hong Kong The china Daily is an English-language daily news paper published in the Peoples Republic of china. The commie Party of China-controlled state-run publication has the widest print circulation (200,000 per issue) among Englishlanguage newspapers in the country. The editorial office is in north Beijing, and the newspaper has branch offices in most major cities of China as well as in several foreign capitals. lieuChina Daily was set up in 1985 and several journalists on the new paper supported the 1989 Tiananmen Square demonstrations. . The editor of China Daily, Zhu Ling, told foreign editors that the papers editorial policy was to support the policies of the Communist Party and only to make criticism of authorities if there was deviance from Party policy. gist ANALYSISThere were few editorials on the issue in the Post, which in itself says a lot, which shows how much importance was given to the issue in China/ Hong Kong. Other than the customary report, a certain report is interesting A top Taliban commander offered a reward of 10 0 kilograms of gold to anyone who kills the person responsible for blasphemous cartoons of the Prophet MohammedThis might not be in a flash indicative, however the inclusion of this article, which was ignored by other newspapers worldwide shows that China is not very pMedia Reaction to Muhammad CartoonsMedia Reaction to Muhammad CartoonsResearch ObjectiveA quantification of social dynamics and ethics in global society. It is the aim of this project to assess the relative reaction of newspapers and their readers to the publishing of the Muhammad cartoons in various parts of the World. Since the Muhammad cartoons will obviously have generated the most anger in the Middle East and North Africa we have chosen to ignore those major regions.The regions we focus on areThe United States of AmericaGreat Britain and EuropeThe Nations of ScandinaviaThe Left BankThe Indian Sub-ContinentThe Far East and South-East AsiaThe United States and Great Britain, of course, get special mention because o f their position as leaders of the Free World / leaders of the War against Terror and are by implication, leaders of the West who would possibly be (and indeed were) blamed for the publishing of those images (with their flags burned) regardless of their complicity or lack thereof in the publishing of the images (no main stream American or British paper republished the cartoons and all government officials condemned the publishing of the same as a lack of sensitivity towards the Muslim population of the World.The Scandinavian countries of course, have been some of the most passive and anti-War in the past and stood together as a matter of principle on this issue, and well see their reactions as well.The Left Bank to me comprises of the French and Germans and all liberal forms that were not directly involved in the original conflict. France and Germany were a bit divided, with the ministers in power slowly backtracking and calling for calm while the newspapers and opposition politicia ns lambasted the protests and called for their governments to condemn the negative reaction to the printing, as anti-democratic.We live in India of course, which also happens to have the worlds second-largest Muslim population after Indonesia, and it would therefore seem odd to not take into account the views professed here as also in the region around us. China is an upcoming Great Power and is highly influential in Asia, and we have so considered the reactions from the Far East and South-East Asia as well. That answers the who? of our paper but we have not quite covered the why? yet.We said that this is meant to be a quantification of the social dynamics in a Global Society. What does that entail?Well, a multitude of objects to be honest all of which are inter-linked, across the realm of the socio-political and the economic. While it is still early in the stage to measure a fall out we believe that it may be possible to extrapolate on the Raw data we gathered from our content anal ysis, by which we can posit some possible ramifications for Governments and Businesses alike, and the Press too.The basic questions we ask ourselves in the analysis, then?What was the nature of the defense / consternation the Press involved itself in with relation to this issue?Was the language used inflammatory, did it attempt towards peacebrokering, did it make a definitive stand?What was the stand that papers took?What was the reaction the public gave to those points of view?The answers that we found were then funneled to add specific weight to our proposition, to contradict it, or to re-evaluate it.The PropositionThat Democracies furnish the Press with certain rights to publish that must not be curbed (the tabloid press is a different matterit is the mainstream Press we discuss here). That newspapers tend towards biases or political tilts is undoubtedly undeniable, and newspapers must not be open to government censure in the matter of press freedom. While it is imperative that n ewspapers publish with responsibility to all share-holders which in the field of Mass Media implies subscribers and second-hand (re-issues, internet) readers.What were trying to establish is what negative effects such stories can have upon the circulation of national newspapers and the reaction of the public to them and on the portrayal of either to the countries they deal with. There are multiple possibilities of where this research could be usedin social dynamics as we mentioned, in assessing press freedom or quantifying media ethics and also in more basic analyses like the reaction of people to such incidents, (such as the boycotting of Western-made products in many parts of the Muslim world) not even getting to protests involving mass flag and effigy and product burning We will discuss this further in our conclusionsSubjective AnalysesThe United States of AmericaFrom the voyages of Columbus-to the Oregon Trail to the journey to the Moon itself history proves that we have never l ost by pressing the limits of our frontiers. George Bush, 20 July 1989 Firstly this starts off with a bit on the Post 9/11 reactions and observation of Americas response to the tragic attack on the World Trade Center in September 2001.There are two principal features of American nationalism, both of which were evident in the response to 9/11. These are, in spirit, to a great extent contradictory but they often run together in American public life. The first is a certain element of American messianism the belief in America as a city on the hill, a light to the nations, which usually takes the form of a belief in the force of Americas example. But at particular moments, and especially when America is attacked, it moves from a passive to an active form the desire to go out and actually turn the world into America, as it were, to convert other countries to democracy, to the American way of life.In principle, the desire to spread democracy in the world is of course not a bad thing. But t here are two huge problems with it. One is that because this element of American messianism is so deeply rooted in American civic nationalism, in what has been called the American Creed, and in fundamental aspects of Americas national identity, it can produce and after 9/11 did produce an atmosphere of debate in America which is much more dominated by myth than by any serious look at the reality of the outside world. Myths about American benevolence, myths about America spreading freedom, myths about the rest of the world wanting America to spread freedom, as opposed to listening to what the rest of the world really has to say about American policies.The second feature that cuts across this American messianism, however, is what can be called the American antithesis, that is to say, those elements in the American nationalist tradition which actually contradict both American civic nationalism and the American Creed. These elements, which are very strong in parts of America, include national chauvinism, hatred of outsiders, and fear and contempt of the outside world. This is particularly true in the case of the Muslim world, both because America has been under attack from Muslim terrorists for almost two generations now, but also because of the relationship with Israel, and the way in which pro-Israeli influences here have contributed to demonizing the Muslim world in general.This results in an incredible situation on the one hand and there are here particularly the neo-cons the Bush administration who want to democratize the Muslim world, while on the other, neo-conservatives do not even bother to hide their contempt for Muslims and Arabs. Sometimes you hear, and even read, phrases like, The only language that Arabs understand is force, Let them hate us so long as they fear us and so on. This is utterly contradictory people saying they want to democratize the Arab world but displaying utter contempt for Arab public opinion. Of course this is not just a moral failing, or a propaganda failing. It also leads to practical disasters, like the extraordinary belief that you could pretend at least to be introducing democracy, and on the other hand, you could somehow impose Ahmed Chalabi on Iraqis as a pro-American strongman, and that somehow the local population would line up to salute you and happily accept this. The extent to which this is fundamental to the American national identity and is widely believed to keep Americans together means that it is very difficult in this country to challenge these myths When it comes to the newspapers in the United States there are those which take up a much more liberal stance while there are those that are hard and not targeted but go to the extremes of the phrase the land of the free. The one positive point of the country is that when it is said that there is freedom of speech, there is a lot of it, and because of which one has seen, documentaries (although on a single persons mindset) such as Fahrenhei t 9/11 which although is extremely, targeting the Bush Administration but also reveals to the world the inner working of the worlds most powerful nation.In this Write up references taken up were from six American newspapers namelyThe New York TimesThe Boston GlobeThe Chicago TribuneThe Washington PostThe Los Angeles TimesNewsweek MagazineIn all 18 articles from these newspapers have been analyzed to give out an opinion of what American nationalism is and to what extent is it prevalent in some leading newspapers in the United States of America.Among the Newspapers taken up and the articles under reference a pattern can be seen that everyone follows each other and that only a few dare to twist the use of words to mention of names of officials and other people of importance. With the current invasion of Iraq and the ever growing resentment against the Americans by the Muslim World a majority of the articles will be based on Iraq, the Middle East, and terrorism and on the Muslim world. Since the attacks on 9/11 America has been in a never ending battle with terrorism, along with allied support from various other countries in the world. But does it justify its actions, the Invasion of Iraq, The bombings in Afghanistan, The claims of nuclear threat, even targeting Saddam Hussein. Is this all truly in the best interest of the world or just a game for the worlds most powerful nation. Where millions of people in these areas have lost their lives, damage of property estimated in millions, use of weapons in large quantities, destroying nations..Although these steps have already been taken by the U.S. it was now up to the newspapers in the country to report out the activities taking place in the war zone in which their country was playing a major part. As far as one can see, the newspapers do not seem to play a one-sided role or seem to tilt to a particular side but with reports from all angles in the battlefield and the repercussions back home one gets the feel that the newspapers are sensible and have a definite role which is positive in the world today. With a large cloud of disbelief and hatred and disgust looming over the Americans along with the outbursts of the Muslim community, today the American media and that of the world play a vital role in maintaining the stable atmosphere that we have today. The newspapers, one of the most powerful mediums of spreading awareness plays a pivotal role and an extremely delicate role keeping in mind sentiments of the various communities in the world. Seems to me like most people would be able to grasp the difference that being patriotic means loving America, while being nationalistic places America, which can do no wrong, above other nations. The former is good. Its healthy. It promotes pride in ones nation. The latter, however, is not good. Its very unhealthy. It promotes arrogance to the point of hostility.Arnold Toynbee once said Great empires do not die by murder, but suicide. Would one say that its wh ere the United States is heading?EuropeReport British newspapers and British reactions The cartoon strip published by Danish newspaper Jyllands Posten, depicted the prophet Mohammed with a ticking time bomb for his head sparked widespread protests and violent demonstration across Europe and Asia. The drawings were originally commissioned by Jyllands-Posten from Danish artists after an author could not find an illustrator to depict Mohammed in a biography of the Prophet. The Danish cartoonists submitted a range of images, all banned by Islam, which strictly forbids depictions of the Prophet to avoid encouraging idolatry .One depicts a grinning, knife-wielding Mohammed flanked by two veiled women. Another, which appeared on the front page of Die Welt in Germany, and in La Stampa in Italy, shows the Prophet wearing a bomb-shaped turban, topped by a hissing fuse. The Spanish newspaper ABC used a photograph of the original Danish newspaper, with its 12 cartoons. Die Welt also ran an edit orial regretting a decision by the Danish newspaper to apologize for the upset caused. The Jyllands Posten has not apologized but its editor, Carsten Juste, said he would not have printed them had we known that it would lead to boycotts and Danish lives being endangered.These episodes of protests and demonstrations have raised heightened debates on the limits that the press should adhere to. And to defend their rights to freedom of expression, some newspapers went ahead and reprinted the inflammatory comic strip. The result was just as expected, with individual rights at loggerheads with the rights of the press, the world watches as the fire spreads slowly yet steadily over different parts of the world. London witnessed some violent protests where people took to the streets and embraced the Al-Qaeda and calling for the beheading of non-believers. Following this reaction, the liberal Muslims, that constitute the majority of the Muslim population in London, were left aghast and quickl y took to the street making clear they were not around to incite mindless violence. The organizers had carefully chosen banners which had simple messages like united against islamophobia, united against incitement, mercy to mankind and Mohammed, symbol of freedom and honor.Amongst the crowd were a number of white people who were opposing the sudden rise in violence. A rally held in Trafalgar Square on the 11th of February was backed by the Mayor of London, Ken Livingstone. From among the crowd, a Mrs.Brka said, if you slap someone once, then okay, but if you slap someone 10 times, they will do something about it. This was in reaction to the reprinting of the comic strip by newspapers across Europe.Most of the violence that spread across the globe was completely reactionary and most were incited by imams who vehemently preached of the Jihad against the west. The press too held their own in defending their freedom of expression. In France the front page of the France-Soir tabloid carr ied the headline Yes, We Have the Right to Caricature God and a cartoon of Buddhist, Jewish, Muslim and Christian divinities floating on a cloud. Inside, the paper re-ran the Danish drawings. The appearance of the 12 drawings in the Danish press provoked emotions in the Muslim world because the representation of Allah and his prophet is forbidden, it said. But because no religious dogma can impose itself on a democratic and secular society, France Soir is publishing the incriminating caricatures.The protests during the later part of February in London were simply gatherings of Muslims from all over London in a bid for peace and toleranceScandinaviaReport Scandinavia Denmark, Norway and Finland In this part of the project well try to understand what had happened in Denmark with regards to the drawings on the prophet Mohammed. The problem with the cartoons in its basic form is that an author of a childrens book needed drawings for his book, but was afraid to do so because Islamic law prohibits depiction of Muhammad and when the cultural Editor of Jyllands Posten got wind of it he opted to use this as a catalyst for discussing Freedom of Speech and therefore he had a number of artist draw up some cartoons of how they imagined Muhammad.This did stir up some debate in Denmark but not really that much, except for a few Muslim who felt really offended and tried to get the Danish population to acknowledge their outrage. This however did not happen and therefore they decided to journey to several Muslim countries with a file containing the drawings and several other cartoons of Muhammad which were said to be even more offensive to the typical Muslim, and some might argue that without these added drawings the response would have been less drastic. After having spoke to a number of Danes, Norwegians and a few Finnish people the majority of the consensus was that they didnt want the government to exercise any apologies to the Islam world because as they say in Scandinavi a the countries are all about opting for the freedom of speech.As Michael says They have a right to their voice But they dont seem to understand that the Danes have the right of free speech The problem was that the Danish people do not understand the respect some other people might have towards religion in other parts of the world, since we do not take religion as much more than some traditions and rituals that you go trough in life. And some other parts of the world dont understand the Danish pride of having the freedom to say/do whatever they want. Danish people stands very steadfast on the issue of freedom of speech, and will not tolerate that other people interfere with that, just because they were offended by some humorous drawings, which have been seen in many other cases, also with other religious figures. As Kasper Kataoka mentioned in his questionnaire, We know that Denmark is one of the most open and accepting countries in the world. There are a lot of Muslims and other f oreigners living in our country, including myself. So when we see people in some far away country, yelling about Denmark being the devil, being a intolerant country and treating Muslims bad, while they are tramping on our flag, burning buildings and causing all kind of obscene violence then we lose even more respect.A real big problem was the role of the Imams, those from Denmark have been traveling around the Muslim world, showcasing homemade pictures with a pig face and a praying Muslim being taken from behind by a dog. These imams traveled around to cause an upset long after that the real pictures had actually been posted in the papers. Some of the pictures were even published in Egyptian papers long before people started protesting, and nothing happened back then. So what we believe is the reason for the escalation of the whole situation, is that the Muslims might have felt surprised by the western world for some time, and now they suddenly had something they could rally around. If there was an easy answer to this, it would already have been done. But communication is what is needed mostly. The fact that the Danish prime minister turned down a talk with the Muslim ambassadors in the start was a stupid move. Now all who are able to see a bit open on this subject, and is able to do something, should. Talk with people on the other side whatever side you are on, try to get some more understanding of why everything is happening, and try to make the people around you understand.Also the Danish Muslims have a big responsibility to spread out the word to their fellow Muslims, of how the Danish community is. This is already being done it seems.In Norway things seemed to be a little more different the main newspapers VG and Dagbladet were the ones who showcased these imagery and a quick response from Truls revealed that, I had no reaction to the cartoon, as they are commonly used in Scandinavia. such drawings are meant to start a discussion, not fighting This is wh at is reflected in most of the answers given by the Norwegians in that they all didnt anticipate the level of response that they got. But many feel that there shouldnt have been any sort of apology and that the Norwegian embassies should not have been burnt.As Truls says Diplomacy goes before everything to solve problems. Religious leaders who are ignorant and are lacking in knowledge should be replaced. Whereas those present in the chilly areas of Finland hadnt seen it through newspapers since it was never published in any paper. But they did get to see it through the internet sites.Most of them didnt even care enough to respond well and showed no real signs of interest or wanted to raise their voices. As teemu from Finland says An apology is an easy thing to do, especially if it solves problems this big. Even if they didnt mean to cause this, you still apologies. Usually you apologies someone when you accidentally step on their foot or something. That was the extent of their level of co-operation.So we see that from the study undertaken that the people werent really interested in knowing what was happening, most of them in Denmark hadnt even seen it in the papers. But many would have gone out of their way to gain some more insight into the whole ordeal.Many of the youth that I spoke to didnt know what the big fuss was about the drawings and some of the youth in Norway even thought it was like a war between Christians and Muslims. (In their own words Islam world vs. Western world) To an extent it would see arrogant to us the way they responded but as mentioned, they didnt even feel the need to apologize. The newspapers were clearly advocating the freedom of speech and they paraded those values of theirs which they think actually symbolizes Scandinavia. Many of the newspapers in Denmark and Norway felt that they hadnt done much wrong and that the Muslims were overreacting to the whole issue.Another important note would be that the papers had actually apologize d for their work and extended an apology as well, but the Muslims didnt seem to care too much as they wanted the governments to say sorry for the work of a newspaper. If the drawings were indeed meant to induce a discussion then why is it being used to induce violence in people?France and Germany / Liberal ReactionsThe liberal defends the right to speech, the right to freedom, the right to the freedom of expression above all others. Personal or collective offense is subjective and of lesser importance than the right to air discourse that could degenerate to an offensive level.Benjamin Franklin once said that societies willing to give up little freedoms for a little more security deserve neither freedom nor security. The newspapers I have referred to in my analysis areLe Monde, FranceDer Spiegel, GermanyFrankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, GermanyDas Bild, GermanyThe Economist, Great BritainThe Guardian, Great BritainThe International Herald TribuneAll newspapers are set in a strongly lib eral tradition, and therefore exemplify the debate that perhaps lies at the heart of this misunderstanding and hatred. The West, set in its liberal traditions allows for Press Freedom like the Arab World just does not. Many Arabs found it shocking that Governments in the West cannot control what is published and what isnt by the Press.What was interesting here, however, were articles carried by Der Spiegel which were more sympathetic to the Muslim cause (one should remember, that though France and Germany are more liberal and stringent supporters of journalistic freedom they hold the largest Muslim populations (France via immigrants from North Africa and Germany via Turkish Immigrants) in Europe.Mass Media ResearchThis section will be short for now as a large part recurs in the final analysis, as the position taken by the Left Bank is largely the view you might associate with this paper as wellThe conclusion will deal with liberal views, the political ramifications of taking a stand on an issue like this and the economic fallout.The Indian Sub-ContinentTimes of India Friday, February 10, 2006 On Friday, February 10th 2006 The Times of India published an article attributing United Nations Secretary General Kofi Annan, who condemned the publication of the controversial Prophet Mohammed cartoons and advocated all steps to be taken to calm down the situation.He termed the articles as insensitive, offensive and provocative also stating that he was not against freedom of speech or expression.Sunday, February 12, 2006 This article told the story of the Muslim Protest march in the state capital. Carrying placards and raising anti-US and anti-Denmark slogans, they demanded that the respective governments apologize for hurting the religious sentiments. It was Maulana Sher Mohammed Madrasa Varisaya who interpreted the act as a violation of the religious liberties of believers of God. He demanded the United Nations to intervene and formulate an international law for prohi biting the repetition of any such act.Monday, February 13, 2006 Police fired tear gas and baton-charged about 7,000 students protesting the Prophet Mohammed cartoons on Monday in northwestern Pakistan. The crowd threw stones at Edwards College, breaking windows and causing other damages at the prestigious school founded by Christian missionaries during British colonial rule.The article claimed that the Muslims were angry because Islamic tradition bars any depiction of the prophet. Under Pakistani laws, insulting the prophet or Islams holy book, the Quran, can be punished with the death sentence. Wednesday, February 15, 2006Gunfire and rioting erupted on Wednesday as more than 70,000 people joined Pakistans biggest protest yet against Prophet Muhammad cartoons, burning movie theaters, a KFC restaurant and a South Korean-run bus station. Three people died and dozens were injured in two cities, police and witnesses said. The rioters ransacked the offices of the Norwegian mobile phone c ompany Telenor, three cinemas and offices of Mobilink the main mobile phone operator in the country, witnesses said.Thursday, February 16, 2006 Tens of thousands of Pakistani Islamists wielding sticks and waving green flags rallied in Karachi against cartoons of Prophet Mohammad on Thursday, the latest in a wave of protests in which five people have died.A branch of US-based Citibank, and an office of the German company Siemens, hung black flags to mask their logos, as did a Christian hospital and several cinemas on the rallys route.Saturday, February 18, 2006 At least 11 people died when Libyan police opened fire on demonstrators attempting to storm an Italian consulate during a protest against the caricatures of the Prophet Mohammed, Italian state television reported. Dozens were injured in the protest outside the Italian consulate in Benghazi, reports said on Friday. All the victims reportedly were Libyans.Sunday, February 19, 2006 Pakistani authorities arrested more than 100 ac tivists of Islamic Jamaat-e- Islami (JI) and put its chief under house arrest ahead of an anti-cartoon demonstration. The Times of India more or less covered the violent protests that have rocked many parts of the world after the cartoons were reprinted in newspapers in several countries. They have focused mainly on Pakistan, the country which is largely dominated by Muslim population, followers of Islam.The articles have been solely matter of fact, stating incidences how they have occurred. There have been subtle expressions of sentiments, like the TOI has covered mostly the riots and the arrests of Islamic activists in Pakistan.Hindustan Times February 10, 2006 The Hindustan Times were deeply alarmed at the repercussions of the publication in Denmark several months ago of insulting caricatures of the Prophet Mohammed and their subsequent re-publication by some other European newspapers and at the violent acts in reaction to them. They stated that anguish in the Muslim world is sha red by all individuals and communities who recognize the sensitivity of religious belief.February 10, 2006 This article gave us a brief about how the cartoons came into being, with the creators being threatened by the Islamic extremists. They also covered from where the article became a case of international conflict. They also spoke about the Danish Then a group of Danish imams took the cartoons to West Asia. Complaining of press bias, they distributed the drawings and, some say, fabricated a few of their own to ensure that unrest would be sown. Also stating that the Arab elites got into the game. Then ended as most articles did, on the victimized Muslims side.February 13, 2006 Vir Sanghvis candid expression that the silence of liberal Muslims was adding fuel to fire found favor with surfers. Like Sanghvi they chose to sprinkle their argument citing the recent incidents involving the offensive cartoons of the Prophet in Danish newspapers as well as MF Husseins nude paintings of Mo ther India.February 11, 2006 It talked about the latest religion vs. freedom of expression controversy the fuss over the Danish cartoons that featured the Prophet Mohammed. Vir Sanghvi said do statements that cause religious offence fall in the same category? To argue that they do, we would have to prove that they caused damage to the safety of the religious faith (the national security parallel) or that they affected the way the faith was perceived by society, or even lowered its standing. But surely none of the people who complain about insults to religion accept that the slights can have these consequences? Is the safety of Islam threatened because a Danish newspaper carries a cartoon? Is Islam so weak a religion that a couple of cartoons can cause the world or society in general to think less of it? Clearly not. So, Im not sure on what grounds we could abridge the right to free speech when it comes to religion.If India is not to become a soft state, then we must stand up for lib eral principles. We must stand up to the rioters, arrest those who foment violence and never, ever, give in to the blackmail. The Hindustan Times covered both sides of the coin. It gave us a whole idea about how the problem occurred, who was responsible and who instigated the whole process. It gives us both sides of the problems, framing it as mere as a Danish author wanting to publish it in her book.The Far-East and South-East Asia Major Newspapers in China/Hong Kong The China Daily is an English-language daily newspaper published in the Peoples Republic of China. The Communist Party of China-controlled state-run publication has the widest print circulation (200,000 per issue) among Englishlanguage newspapers in the country. The editorial office is in north Beijing, and the newspaper has branch offices in most major cities of China as well as in several foreign capitals.STANCEChina Daily was set up in 1985 and several journalists on the new paper supported the 1989 Tiananmen Square demonstrations. . The editor of China Daily, Zhu Ling, told foreign editors that the papers editorial policy was to support the policies of the Communist Party and only to make criticism of authorities if there was deviance from Party policy.CONTENT ANALYSISThere were few editorials on the issue in the Post, which in itself says a lot, which shows how much importance was given to the issue in China/ Hong Kong. Other than the customary report, a certain report is interesting A top Taliban commander offered a reward of 100 kilograms of gold to anyone who kills the person responsible for blasphemous cartoons of the Prophet MohammedThis might not be directly indicative, however the inclusion of this article, which was ignored by other newspapers worldwide shows that China is not very p

Immigration Policy Of America Politics Essay

Immigration Policy Of America Politics judgeImmigration has been part of legislation since the founding of the demesne. In 1790, Congress establish a process saying ones that be born in the united States manufacture citizens automatic eithery. The first federal law was passed in 1875 limiting immigration qualification in order to prohibit the penetration of criminals and prostitutes. Currently, t here(predicate) atomic number 18 two forms of immigration unchangeable admission and flitting admission. The ones that ar allowed durable admission ar granted permanent resident and a park card. Permanent residents be allow working in the united States and be able to file for citizenship. In 2004, there were about 946,000 throng that were admitted to the get together States as a permanent resident. Temporary admission is for externalers who want entry to the get together States for a limited of time on behalf of a particular proposition purpose such as visiting famili es, tourism, temporary work, or tutor. These raft be classified as nonimmigrants. Temporary admissions are non allowed to do for united States citizenship. If they want to apply for citizenship through naturalization, they pick up to submit an redundant application for permanent resident before they flowerpot do so. In 2004, 5 million great deal were granted temporary admission.Immigration form _or_ system of government in the United States reflects more goals. First, it serves to reunite many families by admitting family members from abroad countries. Second, due to labor shortage, United States fag admit ones with a particular skill to fill up positions in occupations. Third, it yields a shelter for people that face the risk of political or religious persecution from their own country. Lastly, by letting people from foreign countries migrate to United States, it allows us to be recognize a more diverse nation. Even though United States has goals for immigrations, there are still many rules and regulations involved not anyone can unless go far United States and become permanent or temporary residents. United States whitethorn deny visas or admission on either the temporary admission or permanent admission for many reasons. Some reasons may be because of criminal records, health records, or terrorism c oncerns. Immediate family members of a United States citizens are allow immigrating to the United States without many limitations. Citizens of the United States are allowed to presenter relatives for permanent residents under the family-sponsored preference program. harmonise to Garnett Hardin in his penning called Lifeboat Ethnics The Case against Helping the Poor, he ventures that United States should simply not provide aid to people in the poor countries. Hardin started out his essay with a metaphor comparing the earth to a grand spaceship. Hardin said, Since we all par buzz off in life on this planet no single person or institution has the right to destroy, waste, or use more than a sane share of its resources (402). Hardin is more practical rather than liberal. He imagined United States as a lifeboat and the people that are out in the ocean are the ones that want to immigrate to United States. Hardin says, we must recognize the limited faculty of any lifeboat. A nations land has a limited efficacy to incarnate a population and as the current energy crisis has shown us, in roughly ways we adopt already exceeded the carrying capacity of our land (403). The way that Hardin think is correct. United States allow more people being born to each one day hence people dying if United States accepts anyone as an immigrant, the nation would not beget enough land to oppose them. Furthermore, there are many lazy people in this world. As what Hardin was saying, lets assume that we deem a fifty people capacity on our lifeboat. To be generous, we can make room for ten more making the total capacity of sixty people. I f we can make room for ten more, then we would need to make room for the rest of them in any case. Pretty soon, the lifeboat is going to overfill and everyone can possibly drown. To make that short, if we take one person into the nation, we would need to take the rest. in that location is no point letting them into our nation if they are not going to make any contributions. I believe that United States should exclusively take immigrants that can contribute to the nation. Currently, there are many permanent residents in this nation that does not make any contribution whatsoever. more immigrants have the mentality that if their relatives in the United States are able to sponsor them to come over, then they can sponsor them for the rest of their lives. In my opinion, ones that have an education, have a specific reason to come over to the United States, and ones that can help out the nation are allow neat permanent residents in the United States.In John Tierneys paper, Angels in Am erica, he believes that the United States immigration policy is too exacting causing many immigrants to come illegally. Tierney used his grandad and an illegal immigrant, Angel Espinoza, as examples. Tierney thinks it is unfair that Espinoza is not allowed to apply for citizenship while others can. Tierney continued onto explaining Espinozas situation. Espinoza left farm unless like Tierneys grandfather and came illegally to the United States with little education. Later, he conjoin an American descendant from his native country just like what Tierneys grandfather did. Tierneys grandfather applied for United States citizenship afterward and got approved while Espinoza did not. Espinoza was once caught at the border and violated the law which made him ineligible for a green card and permanent residency. Tierney goes on to explaining how Espinoza and his grandfather both worked hard, chasing the Americans dream, to support their families. Espinoza had to go to work every day with the fear of being kaput(p) from the United States for working illegally but his grandfather did not had to go through that. Tierney believes that if one is willing to work to achieve their goals then they should be treated equally. Tierney said, Id like to see Republicans on Capitol Hill explain to Espinoza wherefore hes less deserving than their immigrant ancestors, but thats probably too much to expect. Espinoza has a simpler wish I would like them to tell my American daughter why her father cant stay with her (704). I personally discord with Tierneys head of immigration. Just because one is hard working does not necessarily suppose they deserve to be a United States citizen. I believe that in order to become a United States citizen, one must have a moral character, familiarity of the United States history and government, and willingness to support the United States politically and militarily. Because Espinoza was caught at the border at one point in time, he does not have the moral character. Tierney stated, Its been argued that Mexicans are different from then(prenominal) immigrants because theyre closer to home and less likely to assimilate. Compared with other immigrants today, theyre less educated, and their children are more likely to get poor grades and drop out of school (703). As I stated before, if one does not have an education, they are less likely able to contribute to the United States and have knowledge of the history and government.There are over a million immigrants that enter the United States legally or illegally each year. Having immigrants allow employers to have cheap labor but in the meantime, as David Masci stated, American workers stick out because the newcomers take business lines and suppress wage levels. Many people also argued that native people are slow to do low-wage jobs but that has been proven wrong. According to Mark Krikorian, an executive director of the Center of Immigration Studies, said in the article Debat e Over Immigration, In parts of the country with some immigrants, low-wage jobs still get done, and by native-born people. Americans are not unwilling to do such jobs, but we prefer not to do so. If these immigrants did not take these low-wage positions, native-born Americans will be forced to take these types of jobs. Krikorian also said, Employers could find Americans to do these jobs if they wanted to, but theyd have to provide nurture and raise wages to do so. It is just easier to allow immigrants to take these positions. There are also arguments stating that immigrants are over-crowding the United States and preventing immigrants already here from assimilating into American society (Masci). Masci also said that immigrants came to United States in the past because they want to be here, but currently, immigrants immigrate here for job opportunities and the concept of freedom. A lot of immigrants from foreign countries have the mentality that if they come to the United States an d not able to find a job then they can get governmental aid such as Welfare. I believe that these are the type of people that are not allowed to immigrate to the United States. They do not truly love the country, but rather they want to come here for the freedom and for a better environment.In conclusion, immigration is a problem in the United States. People from foreign countries want to come to the United States for freedom and job opportunities. With all these people advent over and taking jobs from the current Americans, it causes the citizens to suffer. The extra people that are immigrating to the United States are overcrowding the nation. It is making it harder for new immigrants to adapt to and experience the American society when there are so many new immigrants coming into the nation each year. United States need a more set immigration policy in order to get out all the criminals and prevent terrorism. I highly agree with Garnett Hardins view of immigration where we sho uld keep out as many immigrants as possible, and I strongly disagree with Tierneys view of immigration. He thinks that the policy right now is too strict causing people to come illegally. Without a strict policy, our nation would be in more danger due to criminals and terrorism.